Injury source

A potential injury source arising from exposure to a machine, equipment, or a process system that contains sharp surfaces, sharp projections, heat, or extreme cold. Contact Stress... 

An injury source is the principal object such as tool, machine, or equipment involved in an accident and usually the object inflicting injury or property damage. An injury source also has the names agent or agency. 

UN Regulation No. 95 affects CMS such that after the impact test no interior device or component shall have sharp projections or jagged edges which noticeably increase the risk of occupants injury (source [36], p. 12). This requirement is relevant for the integration of the monitors into the vehicle interior. 

Additional improvements have been incorporated since 1966 with the availabihty of thinner float glass. Glass thickness and interlayer thickness have been studied to optimize the product for occupant retention, occupant injury, and damage to the windshield from external sources (30,31). The thinner float glass windshields are more resistant to stone impacts than the early plate glass windshields. The majority of laminated windshields are made of two pieces of 2—2.5 mm aimealed glass and 0.76 mm of controlled adhesion interlayer. 

Hot Work. The objective of a hot work standard is to prevent fires, explosions, and other causes of injury which might result from workplace ignition sources such as welding (qv), cutting, grinding, and use of electrically powered tools. The OSHA standards have specific requirements (36,94) for fire prevention and protection and a permit system. 

Ha2ard is the likelihood that the known toxicity of a material will be exhibited under specific conditions of use. It follows that the toxicity of a material, ie, its potential to produce injury, is but one of many considerations to be taken into account in assessment procedures with respect to defining ha2ard. The following are equally important factors that need to be considered physicochemical properties of the material use pattern of the material and characteristics of the environment where the material is handled source of exposure, normal and accidental control measures used to regulate exposure the duration, magnitude, and frequency of exposure route of exposure and physical nature of exposure conditions, eg, gas, aerosol, or Hquid population exposed and variabiUty in exposure conditions and experience with exposed human populations. 

Materials that on shor t exposure could cause serious tempor ary or residual injury 3 Liquids or solids that can he ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions 3 Materials that in themselves are readily capable of detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction hut require a strong initiating source or which must he heated under confinement before initiation or which react explosively with water... 

Injury to plants and vegetation is caused by a variety of factors, of which air pollution is only one. Drought, too much water, heat and cold, hail, insects, animals, disease, and poor soil conditions are some of the other causes of plant injury and possible plant damage (3). Estimates suggest that less than 5% of total crop losses are related to air pollution. Air pollution has a much greater impact on some geographic areas and crops than others. Crop failure can be caused by fumigation from a local air pollution source or by more widespread and more frequent exposure to adverse levels of pollution. 

The third category for interactions is high dose (III). The effects produced by this level of interaction can be seen by the casual observer. The result of high-dose exposure is destruction or severe injury of the forest system. High-dose conditions are almost always associated with point source emissions. The pollutants most often involved are SO2 and hydrogen fluoride. Historically, the most harmful sources of pollution for surrounding forest ecosystems have been smelters and aluminum reduction plants. 

Appendix B further describes suggested steps that employers can take when conducting a hazard assessment. According to the Appendix, a survey should include observations of employees and their relation to injury or illness that can occur from work areas where eye, face, head, foot, or hand protection may be necessary to prevent injury from any of the following hazard sources ... 

Equation 1.4-7 showed that as long as consequences are small enough, that effects are lineai, i.e., not so catastrophic as to affect the perpetuation of civilization, the number of injuries or fatalities in either case are the same whether or not there are many small accidents or a few large accidents. But the public, either because of information sources or for more fundamental reasons does not see it this way. Since the public affects government, public perception is a concern. 

When an explosion occurs, however, it can directly cause injury. A substantial cloud of gas can accumulate before the combustible limit reache.s an ignition source. The force of the explosion as the cloud ignites can be substantial. 

Overpressure can lead directly to all three hazards. It can lead directly and immediately to injury, to fire or explosion if there is an ignition source, and to pollution if there is not enough containment. Therefore, we must have a very high level of assurance that overpressure is going to have a very low frequency of occurrence. 

OverprvssLire Injury Fire/Explosion Pollution None Ignition Source Inadequate Containage... 

Leaks cannot lead directly to personal injury. They can lead to fire or explosion if there is an ignition source and to oil pollution if there is inadequate containment. Both the immediacy of the hazard developing and the magnitude of the hazard will be smaller with leaks than with overpressure. Thus, although it is necessary to protect against leaks, thi.s protection will not require the same level of safety that is required to protect against overpressure. 

A BLEVE can produce fragments that fly away rapidly from the explosion source. These primary fragments, which are part of the original vessel wall, are hazardous and may result in damage to structures and injuries to people. Primary missile effects are determined by the number, shape, velocity, and trajectory of fragments. 

Cause-consequence analysis serx es to characterize tlie physical effects resulting from a specific incident and the impact of these physical effects on people, the environment, and property. Some consequence models or equations used to estimate tlie potential for damage or injury are as follows Source Models, Dispersion Models, Fire Explosion Models, and Effect Models. Likelihood estimation (frequency estimation), cliaractcrizcs the probability of occurrence for each potential incident considered in tlie analysis. The major tools used for likelihood estimation are as follows Historical Data, Failure sequence modeling techniques, and Expert Judgment. 

Various sources publish data of permissible vibration levels for employees (usually as a graph of acceleration against frequency). These are designed to avoid injury and cannot be used as a guide to the degree of disturbance caused by vibration. Vibration caused by neighboring industrial premises when received at a residence as vibration (i.e. no noise implications) has been considered a nuisance when it is just perceptible. 

Good housekeeping can play a major part in maintaining a safe and environmentally sound place of work. Tripping over material not tidied away causes many accidents. Another source of potential injury is in the lack of secure storage of cleaning equipment, tools, etc. 

In the very early phases of the acute inflammatory response most of the cells invading the damaged area are polymorphonuclear neutrophils, also denoted as PMNs, which serve as initial line of defense and source of proinflammatory cytokines. These cells, which usually live for 4-5 days, circulate in the blood until they are attracted by chemokines into injured tissues. Whereas physical injury does not recruit many neutrophils, infections with bacteria or fungi elicit a striking neutrophil response. The characteristic pus of a bacterial abscess is composed mainly of apoptotic (apoptosis) and necrotic PMNs. Emigration of neutrophils from the blood starts with a process denoted as margination where neutrophils come to lie at the periphery of flowing blood cells and adhere to endothelial cells (Fig. 1). L-Selectin is expressed... 

Occurs as a result of circulatory insufficiency associated with overwhelming infection Occurs when obstruction of blood flow results in inadequate tissue perfusion. Examples include a severe reduction of blood flow as the result of massive pulmonary embolism, pericardial tamponade, restrictive pericarditis, and severe cardiac valve dysfunction Occurs as a result of blockade of neurohum oral outflow. Examples include from a pharmacological source (ie, spinal anesthesia) or direct injury to the spinal cord. This type of shock is rare. 

At the present time it is difficult to single out any one factor that could be held ultimately responsible for cell death after cerebral ischaemia. Recent studies, however, have provided us with sufficient evidence to conclude that free radical damage is at least one component in a chain of events that leads to cell death in ischaemia/reperfiision injury. As noted earlier in this review, much of the evidence for free radicals in the brain and the sources of free radicals come from studies in animals subjected to cerebral ischaemia. Perhaps the best evidence for a role for free radicals or reactive oxygen species in cerebral ischaemia is derived from studies that demonstrate protective effects of antioxidants. Antioxidants and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation have been shown to have profound protective effects in models of cerebral ischaemia. Details of some of these studies will be mentioned later. Several reviews have been written on the role of oxygen radicals in cerebral ischaemia (Braughler and HaU, 1989 Hall and Btaughler, 1989 Kontos, 1989 Floyd, 1990 Nelson ef /., 1992 Panetta and Clemens, 1993). 

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