Inhalation marijuana

V. Getting stoned with or without inhaling marijuana tid the endocannabinoids... 

Getting Stoned With or Without Inhaling Marijuana and the Endocannabinoids... 

Hill et al. (1974) also measured pain thresholds and tolerance. In this singledose study, healthy male volunteers (ages 21-30, n = 26) inhaled marijuana smoke using an apparatus that caused nearly complete combustion of the plant while the subject practiced inhalation in a timed manner. Subjects experienced ascending intensities of electrical stimulation and were asked to report when the stimulation became painful and when it became intolerable. The strength of stimulation was then reversed and the subjects were asked to report when the pain disappeared. The authors found that marijuana smoking lowered the pain threshold as well as pain tolerance. A drawback of this study is the inability to state the dose with any accuracy, a possible basis for the fact that it is at variance with the results of Raft etal. (1977). 

Other studies conducted by government and other research facilities contend that the only proven long-term effects of marijuana use are all related to risks posed by smoking. Users usually inhale marijuana smoke deeply and hold the smoke in their lungs for at least several seconds. Marijuana smoke contains tar, carbon monoxide, and many complex chemicals, almost all of which are respiratory irritants and potential cancer-causing agents. In fact, according to the lOM report, each inhalation of marijuana smoke contains three to five times more tar and carbon monoxide than an equal amount of tobacco smoke. Therefore, a person who smokes marijuana daily for... 

Abuse of phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) is a national problem that has reached epidemic proportions in urban areas of the United States. The drug is inexpensive, readily obtainable, and is usually used in combination with other drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, and alcohol (Golden et al. 1982). The routes of PCP use include inhalation, ingestion and parenteral administration. 

Many patients with hallucinogen, marijuana, or inhalant intoxication respond to reassurance, but short-term antianxiety and/or antipsychotic therapy can be used. 

Native Hawaiians/ Pacific Islanders Marijuana (7.1 %) Prescription drugs (1.1%) Inhalants (0.2%)... 

Paraquat and the related chemical diquat are nonselective herbicides that are also toxic to mammals. Occupational or accidental exposure to paraquat can be from oral ingestion, dermal exposure, or inhalation, all of which can cause serious illness or death. While seldom used in the United States, paraquat is still widely used in developing countries. At one time it was used to kill marijuana plants, but a number of fatalities were observed when marijuana contaminated with paraquat was inhaled. 

Second hand marijuana smoke in a car can cause you to fail the next day (Nightbyrd). It is possible that second hand [marijuana] smoke will raise someone to the 50 ng/mL level however, extreme exposure is required. For instance, a closed car full of pot smokers and a non-smoker may render the non-smoker positive for both urinalysis and the hair test, provided that they are sealed in the car for a while. The Army did a case study where volunteers were put in a room pumped full of smoke for an hour, five times daily. Subjects started testing positive after the second day. The non-smoker would have to take in virtually as much second hand smoke as a smoker inhales. Non-smokers are safe in a ventilated area, as long as they don t get a hair test. According to Clinton, simply blowing crack smoke on ones hair may cause a positive hair test. Second hand pot smoke doesn t affect the hair test results as much as crack smoke does mainly because exhaled smoke contains no THC. The only pot smoke that contains THC is the smoke that hasn t entered the lungs. 

Brecher, M. (1972). In E.M. Brecher (Ed.), Licit and Illicit Drugs The Consumers Union Report on Narcotics, stimulants, depressants, inhalants, hallucinogens marijuana— including caffeine, nicotine and alcohol (335-393). Mount Vernon, New York Consumers Union. 

Brock Utne. Preoperative marijuana inhalation—an airway concern. Can J Anaesth 1996 43(7) 691-693. 

Information on the mutagenic potential of SNA Is almost completely lacking. A single abstract reported the cytogenetic effect of chronic use of the drug over 2-3 yr by one male and four females 18-26 yr old. The most frequent route of administration was Inhalation of smoke from a blend of SNA and marijuana. No chromosomal abnormalities were found In this limited investigation. 8... 

In the past decade. Ecstasy use has exploded. In fact, although overall illicit drug use by teens markedly decreased in the past several years — including use of marijuana, inhalants, hallucinogens, LSD, cocaine, crack, heroin, tranquilizers, alcohol, cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco — Ecstasy use continued to rise, unabated (Figure 5.1). 

Users also have specific trends regarding how and with what they consume Ecstasy. Though generally taken orally in pill form, Boston users in their late teens and early twenties sometimes inject MDMA and ketamine intramuscularly, and Sioux Falls users increasingly crush and snort it. Ecstasy is also frequently taken in combination with or sequentially with alcohol, marijuana, or both. Other drugs are also taken with MDMA (LSD, GHB, ketamine, prescription pills, heroin, cough syrup, camphor/menthol inhalants, Viagra , and nitrous oxide). 

The foliage of S. divinorum is prepared in various manners for use as a psychotropic agent. The dried leaves may be smoked like marijuana joints. Taking five or six rapid deep inhalations from one cigarette produces an effect similar to that of marijuana or taking the Salvia infusion. It has a duration of one to two hours (Ott 1993 Diaz 1975). The fresh leaves may be chewed and retained in the mouth. Blosser collected a strain of S. divinorum with leaves that are much less bitter than normal. His Mazatec informants made a "quid" of four to five pair of these fresh leaves and retained the juices in the mouth, which was more effective than ingesting them. This has been confirmed by other investigators, who have used the normal bitter strains. They state that the duration of such visions is from one to two hours (Siebert In press Blosser 1993 Ott 1993). 

Stahl, S.M. (1998) Getting stoned without inhaling anandamide is the brain s natural marijuana. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59(11), 566—7. 

Apparently, then, unless you have the right kinds of expectations and a "little help from your friends," it is unlikely that marijuana will produce a d-ASC. Equating the inhalation of marijuana with the existence of a d-ASC is a tricky business. 

There has been much recent information on the dangers of passive tobacco smoke. Concern could also be expressed over potential problems of passive marijuana smoke, although intoxication is rarely reported from passive inhalation of marijuana. However, there are numerous reports of cannabis metabolites detected in the urine of the passive inhaler. THC metabolites may be present in the urine up to 2 months after heavy chronic use. 

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