Ingestion hazard index

Figure 11.2 shows the ingestion hazard index of HLW as a function of time up to 10 years. After about SOO years the actinide radiotoxicity clearly do.minates. 

Figure 11.2 Ingestion hazard index of LWR uranium waste without I and of 1 from LWR uranium waste.

Figure H.17 Reduction factors of the ingestion hazard index due to actinides of LWR uranium HLW by actinide partitioning and transmutation in LWRs after the twentieth cycle. 

Figure 11.30 Ingestion hazard index (defined in Sec. 2.1) of individual radionuclides in HLW from the LWR uranium fuel cycle. Reprocessing, 150 days after reactor discharge enrichment, 3% bumup, 30,000 MWd/MT heavy metal residence time, 1100 days 0.5% uranium and 0.5% plutonium remaining in HLW.

Ingestion hazard index of naturally occurring uranium... 

Figure 11.31 Range of ingestion hazard index of HLW and range of reference ingestion hazard index of naturally occurring uranium.

Reference level means the quantity of natural uranium whose ingestion hazard index is used as a reference to which that of the waste from 1 MT of heavy metal reprocessed is compared. These quantities according to different approaches are as follows ... 

The range of intersection between the ingestion hazard index band and the horizontal band indicates the range of significant periods of the hazard. These significant periods vary in a relatively narrow range, namely, between 500 and 10,000 years for the whole variety of waste from different fuel cycles except for unreprocessed fuel. 

Although the true hazards of radioactive wastes are not measured by these toxicity indices, some perspective can be obtained by comparing the total ingestion toxicity index of the hi -tevel wastes to the similar toxicity index for the ore used to fuel the reactor to generate... 

Stochastic Risk Index for Hazardous Chemical Constituents. Calculation of the risk index for all hazardous chemicals in the waste that cause stochastic effects is performed in the same manner as in the previous examples for radioactive wastes. The calculated risk for each such substance, based on the assumed exposure scenario, is summed and then divided by the acceptable lifetime risk of 10 3 for classification as low-hazard waste (see Table 7.1). The risk for each chemical is calculated by multiplying the arithmetic mean of the concentration in the waste given in Table 7.5 by the intake rate from ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption per unit concentration discussed in Section 7.1.7.3 and 10 percent of the appropriate slope factor in Table 7.7 (see Section 7.1.7.1) adjusted for the exposure time. Since the slope factors assume chronic lifetime exposure, they must be reduced by a factor of 70 based on the assumption that the exposure scenario at the hazardous waste site occurs only once over an individual s lifetime. In addition, a simplifying assumption is made that whenever more than one slope factor is given for a hazardous substance in Table 7.7, the higher value was applied to the total intake rate by all routes of exposure of about 4 X 10 8 mg (kg d) 1 per ppm. This assumption should be conservative. 

As an alternative to the assumption of a one-time exposure for 1,000 h at the time of facility closure, permanent occupancy of a disposal site following loss of institutional control could be assumed (see Section 7.1.3.4). The assumption of chronic lifetime exposure would affect the analysis for hazardous chemicals that induce deterministic effects only if estimated intakes due to additional pathways, such as consumption of contaminated vegetables or other foodstuffs produced on the site, were significant. Based on the results for lead in Table 7.8, an intake rate from additional pathways of about 50 percent of the assumed intake rate by soil ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption would be sufficient to increase the deterministic risk index above unity. The importance of additional pathways was not investigated in this analysis, but they clearly would warrant consideration. The increase in exposure time during permanent occupancy does not otherwise affect the analysis for chemicals that induce deterministic effects, provided RfDs are appropriate for chronic exposure, because chronic RfDs incorporate an assumption that the levels of contaminants in body organs relative to the intake rate (dose) are at steady state. 

CAS 590-88-5. NH2CH2CH2CHNH2CH3. Properties Water-white liquid amine odor. Boiling range 143-150C, d 0.858 (20/20C), refr index 1.450 (20C), flash p 125F (51.6C). Combustible. Hazard Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption. 

Properties Colorless plates or liquid. D 1.099 (20C), mp 26.48C, bp 243C, refr index 1.6223 (25C). Insoluble in water soluble in dilute mineral acids and most organic solvents. Combustible. Derivation From coal tar, also synthetic. Hazard Toxic by ingestion. 

Properties Colorless liquid. Bp 119C, d 0.873 (20/ 20C), refr index 1.4153 (25C), flash p 80F (26.6C) (TCC). Miscible with water, ethanol, toluene, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, and ether. Hazard Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 

Properties White crystals. D (solid) 1.69, refr index 1.5776 (19C), bp 221C, mp 52.6C, flash p 235F (112.7C) (CC). Insoluble in water slightly soluble in alcohol soluble in ether. Combustible. Hazard Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. 

Agent Index A317 Class Index C24 Melioidosis Pseudomonas pseudomalle Type Bacteria Presents a range of manifestations from asymptomatic involvement of the lungs to necrotizing pneumonia and/or fatal blood poisoning. May simulate typhoid fever or tuberculosis. Routes Incubation 2 days to Inhalation years Ingestion Mortality Rate — Abraded Skin Reservoir Soils, Water, Rodents, Secondary Hazards Farm animals Body Fluids Direct Person-to-Person Transmission does not occur. 

Agent Index A325 Class Index C25 Powassan Encephalitis Type Virus Range from mild fever and headache to high fever, headache, stupor, tremors, and coma. Initial phase does not appear to involve the central nervous system however, 4 to 10 days after apparent recovery, there is a return of fever with encephalitis. Routes Ingestion Vector (Ticks) Secondary Hazards Vector Cycle Fomites containing ticks Incubation 7 to 14 days Mortality Rate < 10% Reservoir Ticks, Rodents, Birds Direct Person-to-Person Transmission does not occur. 

Agent Index A340 Class Index C26 Typhoid Feve Salmonella typhi Type Bacteria Insidious onset of sustained fever, severe headache, malaise, loss of appetite, and usually constipation (although it may cause diarrhea). Individuals may become asymptomatic carriers capable of spreading the disease (e.g. Typhoid Mary). Routes Ingestion Secondary Hazards Fecal Vector (mechanical) Incubation 3 to 90 days Mortality Rate < 10% Reservoir Humans Direct Person-to-Person Transmission is possible (fecal/oral). 

Material safety data sheets, while extensively recognizing fire and even explosive hazards, keep a low profile on the toxic properties of the bulk substance. They mention caustic properties on body surfaces, kidney failure, or central nervous system damage as risks after chronic ingestion. The toxicological data section is, however, blank (MSDS Index, 2000). 

Properties Colorless to It. yel. liq. fruity, honey, pineapple-like, green odor m.w. 192.22 b.p. 100-102 C flash pt. > 100 C ref. index 1.5131 (25.5 C) Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 475 mg/kg, (skin, rabbit) 820 mg/kg mod. toxic by ingestion and skin contact TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and fumes Uses Synthetic flavoring agent in foods and pharmaceuticals fragrance in cosmetics, soaps, laundry care, household prods. 

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