Influence power sources

Fault level of a system under cumulative influence of two power sources... 

Oedegaard A, Hebling C, Schmitz A, Mpller-Holst S, Tunold R. 2004. Influence of diffusion layer properties on low temperature DMFC. J Power Sources 127 187-196. 

Rao V, Simonov PA, Savinova ER, Plaksin GV, Cherepanova S V, Kryukova GN, Stimming U. 2005. The influence of carbon support porosity on the activity of PtRu/Sibunit anode catalysts for methanol oxidation. J Power Sources 145 178-187. 

Indirect influence via power or ground lines can be overcome by proper electronic design but indirect influence via the liquid lines is a more difficult problem. All instruments in an HPLC-EC system should be connected to the same power source. 

FIGURE 2.22 (a) Impedance spectra for symmetrical cells prepared without (square) and with (circle) 40 vol% corn starch as pore former in 3% H20/H2 at 850°C. (From Primdahl, S. et al., Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, 99(19) 793-802, 1999. Reproduced by permission of ECS-The Electrochemical Society.) (b) Influence of anode support porosity on the performance of cells at 800°C. (From Zhao, F. and Virkar, A.V., J. Power Sources, 141 79-95, 2005. Copyright by Elsevier, reproduced with permission.)... 

Cheng Z, Zha S, and Liu M. Influence of cell voltage and current on sulfur poisoning behavior of solid oxide fuel cells. J Power Sources 2007 172 688-693. 

Antolini, E., Giorgi, L., Pozio, A., and Passalacqua, E. Influence of Nafion loading in the catalyst layer of gas-diffusion electrodes for PEFC. Journal of Power Sources 1999 77 136-142. 

Fernandez, R., Ferreira-Aparicio, P, and Daza, L. PEMFC electrode preparation Influence of the solvent composition and evaporation rate on the catalytic layer microstructure. Journal of Power Sources 2005 151 18-24. 

T. loroi, T. Oku, K. Yasuda, N. Kumagai, and Y. Miyazaki. Influence of PTFE coating on gas diffusion backing for unitized regenerative polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 124 (2003) 385-389. 

M. V. Williams, H. R. Kunz, and J. M. Fenton. Operation of Nafion(R)-based PEM fuel cells with no external humidification Influence of operating conditions and gas diffusion layers. Journal of Power Sources 135 (2004) 122-134. 

D. Bevers, R. Rogers, and M. von Bradke. Examination of the influence of PTFE coating on the properties of carbon paper in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 63 (1996) 193-201. 

L. R. Jordan, A. K. Shukla, T. Behrsing, et al. Diffusion layer parameters influencing optimal fuel cell performance. Journal of Power Sources 86 (2000) 250-254. 

C. S. Kong, D.-Y. Kim, H.-K. Lee, Y.-G. Shul, and T.-H. Lee. Influence of pore-size distribution of diffusion layer on mass-transport problems of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 108 (2002) 185-191. 

W. Sun, B. A. Peppley, and K. Karan. Modeling the influence of GDL and flow-field plate parameters on the reaction distribution in the PEMFC cathode catalyst layer. Journal of Power Sources 144 (2005) 42-53. 

M. Oszcipok, D. Riematm, U. Kronenwett, M. Kreideweis, and M. Zedda. Statistic analysis of operational influences on the cold start behavior of PEM fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 145 (2005) 407--415. 

J. Soler, E. Hontanon, and L. Daza. Electrode permeability and flow-field configuration Influence on the performance of a PEMFC. Journal of Power Sources 118 (2003) 172-178. 

The above discussion provides the context for 3-D batteries. That is, there are a variety of small power applications, typified by MEMS devices, which the most advanced, 2-D lithium battery systems are unable to satisfy. The inability to provide sufficient power is because of configuration and not because of intrinsic energy density. Three-dimensional designs offer the opportunity to achieve milliwatt-hour energies in cubic millimeter packages and, more importantly, with square millimeter footprints. While such power sources may not influence the enormous commercial markets in cell phones and laptop computers, they are certain to impact emerging markets where... 

Carbides were first proposed as anodes for H2 ionization in electrochemical power sources [422], The higher activity of WC with respect to W for H2 evolution was discovered about forty years ago [423], but the first practical proposals for the use of carbides as cathodes are found only recently under the influence of research aimed at the development of more efficient water electrolyzers [424]. More recently, aqueous suspensions of WC have been proposed to catalyze H2 formation in the presence of the reduced form of a redox relay that is continuously generated through a photochemical reaction [425]. 

Ferrari M.L., Traverso A., Magistri L., Massardo A.F. (2005) Influence of the anodic recirculation transient behavior on the SOFC hybrid system performance. Journal of Power Sources 149, 22-32. 

An ambitious review of carbon applications in chemical power sources (see also Section 5.3.5) was offered by Fialkov [94], It is disconcerting, however, that the author discusses the influence exerted by... surface properties without citing even one of the well-known—or well-cited or more recent—studies on carbon surface chemistry. And yet, in conjunction with the use of carbon in air (oxygen) electrodes, he speculates that the oxygen electroreduction kinetics depend on... the degree to which side faces of carbon crystallites are developed because base groups are formed there and presumably interact (e.g., with HjOj) in the following manner ... 

Liu P, Soukiazian S, Verbrugge M. Influence of temperature and electrolyte on the performance of activated-carbon supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 2006 156 712-718. 

Shembel EM, Maksyuta IM, Neduzhko LI, Belosokhov AI, Naumenko AF, Rozhkov VV. Influence of the composition of lithium-based alloys, non-aqueous electrolytes and cycling conditions on the anode properties. J Power Sources 1995 54 416-420. 

Figure 6.15. Influence of GDL pore-former content on cell performance of a H2/02 single cell (0) 0 mg/cm2, (o) 3 mg/cm2, ( ) 5 mg/cm2, (A) 7 mg/cm2, and (V) 10 mg/cm2 pore-former loading 5 mg/cm2 carbon loading in the GDL and 0.4 mg Pt/cm2 in the catalyst layer [15]. (Reprinted from Journal of Power Sources, 108(1-2), Kong CS, Kim DY, Lee HK, Shul YG, Lee TH. Influence of pore-size distribution of diffusion layer on mass-transport problems of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, 185-91, 2002, with permission from Elsevier and the authors.)...

When a design engineer is setting up the specifications for a new plant, a decision must be made on whether to use purchased power or have the plant set up its own power unit. It may be possible to obtain steam for processing and heating as a by-product from the self-generation of electricity, and this factor may influence the final decision. In some cases, it may be justified by means of a HAZOP study to provide power to the plant from two independent sources to permit continued operation of the plant facilities if one of the power sources fails. 

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