Configuration influence

Substituent effects (electronegativity, configuration) influence these coupling constants in four-, five- and seven-membered ring systems, sometimes reversing the cis-tmns relationship so that other NMR methods of structure elucidation, e.g. NOE difference spectra (see Section 2.3.5), are needed to provide conclusive results. However, the coupling constants of vicinal protons in cyclohexane and its heterocyclic analogues (pyranoses, piperidines) and also in alkenes (Table 2.10) are particularly informative. 

J. Soler, E. Hontanon, and L. Daza. Electrode permeability and flow-field configuration Influence on the performance of a PEMFC. Journal of Power Sources 118 (2003) 172-178. 

Subsequent to the empty chamber studies, maximum load temperature distribution studies should be conducted to determine if the load configuration influences the temperature distribution profile obtained from the empty chamber studies. The thermocouples utilized in the heat distribution studies are distributed geometrically in representative horizontal and vertical planes throughout the sterilizer. The geometric center and corners of the sterilizer should also be represented. An additional thermocouple should be placed in the exhaust drain adjacent to the sensor that controls vessel temperature, if possible. 

Conformational and configurational influences on the reactivity of indolizidines have been reviewed (79RCR262). 

An increment system has been derived for methyldecalins [230] and methylated perhy-drophenanthrenes [231] by regressional analysis, because these compounds are steroid models and the increments, in fact, have proved to be of help in carbon-13 shift assignments of steroids (Section 5.2). Eq. (4.2) permits prediction of <5C using the increments A, of structural elements in position l to the carbon atom k to be considered (Table 4.9). These increments clearly indicate the configurational influence of the y substituent, decreasing for example from eclipsed via gauche to trans interactions (I , > Vq > Vt and... 

The lactide configuration influences the extent of the transesterification reactions taking place during polymerization [46].The contribution of transesterification processes in the case of D,L-lactide (d-LA) was found to be considerably higher than that observed when L,L-lactide (l-LA) was polymerized. The difference in the number of side-reactions was attributed partly to the polymer chain stiffness. The poly(D-LA) is more flexible than the poly(L-LA) due to the atactic lactide blocks. 

The arrangement of electrons in an atom (the electron configuration) influences the atom s reactivity with other substances. In particular, it is the outer or valence electrons-those furthest away from the center of the atom-that are most involved in reactions since these are exposed to the surrounding environment. All the lan-... 

The discussion given earlier for weak mesomeric effects offers an explanation for the empirical increment rules proposed by Woodward (1942) for estimating the absorption maxima of dienes and trienes. The distinct values for the homo-and heteroannular arrangement of the double bonds illustrate the configurational influence on the polyene spectra that has been discussed in Example 2.2. From the data collected in Table 2.5 the absorption of methylenecyclo-hexene (27) with an exocyclic double bond and two alkyl substituents is calcu-... 

As molecular configuration influences the chemical properties of molecules in the vapor and liquid state, it is reasonable to believe that the specific behavior of active centers on solids could arise from definite arrangements of surface atoms, a concept proposed by Adkins28 in 1922. He and his coworkers found that the ratio of competing reaction products formed by a catalyst could be modified... 

In your study of chemistry so far, you ve learned how to name compounds, balance equations, and calculate reaction yields. You ve seen how heat is related to chemical and physical change, how electron configuration influences atomic properties, how elements bond to form compounds, and how the arrangement of bonding and lone pairs accounts for molecular shapes. You ve learned modern theories of bonding and, most recently, seen how atomic and molecular properties give rise to the macroscopic properties of gases, liquids, solids, and solutions. 

Dahlander, P. and Lindgren, R. (2008) Multi-hole injectors for DISI engines Nozzle hole configuration influence on spray formation. SAE Paper 2008-01-0136. 

The entropy changes do not show much dependence of on angle strain. They are susceptible, however, to configurational influences. Sawaada [233] writes the entropy change of polymerization as a function of the probability of ring closure ... 

In fact, it is extremely complex to predict the influence of mixing on product selectivity. This would require detailed modeling of an incompletely mixed reactor and kinetic data, difficult to obtain for multistep reactions, without any prohibitive effort. However, with knowledge of the reaction mechanism, but withoutthe kinetics, a simple method can be applied which does not determine quantitatively the extent of a mixing effect but rather indicates qualitatively how partial segregation and feed configuration influence the rates of formation of the desired and undesired products and hence the selectivity [66, 67]. 

The mechanism of the local void reactivity is more complex than the overall void reactivity. Fuel assembly configurations and core configurations influence the distribution of the local void reactivity. The effects of those configurations on the local void reactivity of the Super FR are quantitatively investigated here. An example of the 700 MWe class core is designed, which has negative local void reactivity for all the seed assemblies throughout the cycle. 

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