Inflammatory cytokine induction

H. Tilg, E. Trehu, M. B. Atkins, C. A. Dinarello, and J. W. Mier, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction of Circulating IL-1 Receptor Antagonist and Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor p55, Blood. 8 (1994) 113-118. 

IFN- 3 reduces the induction by inflammatory cytokines of adhesion molecules and of MHC class I and II complex on endothelial cells, a process preceding attachment and transendothelial migration of T-cells. These anti-inflammatory effects of IFN- 3 exemplify antagonistic actions of type I and type IIIFN. There is, indeed, much clinical evidence for the involvement of IFN-y in inflammatory processes - through activation of iNOS and subsequent secretion of NO - leading to the establishment of autoimmune diseases as for instance in rheumatoid arthritis. 

PAMPs and various tissue factors can prime DCs to produce T-cell-polarizing factors [21], IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces IFN-y and promotes the development of Thl-cell differentiation [31], Other Thl-polarizing factors are IFN-a and IFN-(3 [32] and cell-surface expressed intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-l [33]. On the other hand, it has been shown that NF-kB inducing kinase (NIK), which is known to regulate B-cell maturation and lymphoid organogenesis, is important for the induction of Thl7 cells [34],... 

LPS, the immunoactive component of endotoxin, is a constituent of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. LPS is found in the environment and has been extensively studied, both as a mediator of inflammation and as a major contributing factor to bacterial pathogenesis.60 LPS exerts many of its effects through induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-ip, TNF-a and IL-6.61 An important feature... 

Turrin, N. P. et al. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induction in the periphery and brain following intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysac-charide. Brain Res. Bul.l 54, 443, 2001. 

CD23 45 B cells, follicular dendritic cells, monocytes IgE synthesis regulation, induction of inflammatory cytokines... 

The mechanistic basis of the neuroprotective activity of FAEE appears to rely not only on its general free-radical trapping or antioxidant activity per se, but also on its activity in mediating the induction of stress response proteins (HO-1 and F1SP72), cytoprotective (phase 2) proteins, and the parallel suppression of genes induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). 

Bl. Ballou, S., and Lozanski, G., Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein. Cytokine 4, 361-368 (1992). 

Probiotic bacteria regulate mucosal immune responses through induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-p, while decreasing expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IFN-y (Corr et al., 2007a Di Giacinto et al., 2005 Silva et al., 2004). B. breve and Streptococcus thermophilus secrete metabolites which inhibit LPS-induced TNF-a secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) monolayers (Menard et al., 2004). We demonstrated a significant reduction in interleukin-8 (IL-8) and an increase in IL-10 cytokines secreted from epithelial cells following pretreatment with probiotics... 

Several anti-inflammatory cytokines that are known from the immune system inhibit NF-kB in the nervous system, but how these molecules act in the neuron is not well understood. One possibility might be the induction of IkB transcription. Some molecules have dual activity in regulating NF-kB, depending on their concentrations. A recent review has summarized the inhibitors of NF-kB in the nervous system (Kaltschmidt et al, 2005). 

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