United Nations, Kyoto Protocol

United Nations, Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http //unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.html, 1997. 

Already, biofuel production in Brazil, the United States, the Far East and Europe is a controversial issue, both from a food supply point of view and finm an environmental damage one. However, at the current time the various renewable fuel obligations signed up to by most developed countries through the United Nations Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreement of 1997 (in force in 2005) provide farmers in individual countries with the opportunity to exploit these demands for renewable industrial crops. 

Howes, R. and Famberg, A. eds. (1991). The Energy Sourcebook. New York American Institute of Physics. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (1997). Kyoto Protocol. New York United Nations. 

UNFCCC (1997) Kyoto protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change. Document FCCC/CP/1997/7/ Add 1, http //www.unfccc.de Van Cleve K, Powers RF (1995) Soil carbon, soil formation, and ecosystem development. In McFee WW, Kelly JM (eds) Carbon forms and functions in forest soils. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp 155-200 Wedin TA, Tieszen LL, Dewey B, Pastor J (1995) Carbon isotope dynamics during grass decomposition and soil organic matter formation. Ecology 76 1383-1392... 

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, as such, have not foreseen C02 capture and storage as a means of emissions reduction. The UNFCCC defined emissions as, The release of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors into the atmosphere, (Article 1(4), UNFCCC, 1992). Consequently, C02 captured at source and stored outside the atmosphere is not an emission according to the definition in the Convention. Since industrial activity with CCS (and a theoretical 100% capture rate) does not create emissions according to the UNFCCC definition, one could interpret the action of C02 capture and storage as an emission reduction. Purdy and Macrory (2004) point out that this... 

United Nations Eramework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, 1997 http / / unfccc.int/resource / docs / convkp /kpeng.html... 

Worldwide efforts to reduce carbon emissions officially began in 2005 with the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol is a United Nations agreement to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The role of the United Nations is partially to formulate international laws and security measures. As of November 2007,174 nations had signed the Kyoto Protocol, thereby committing themselves to reducing carbon emissions on the schedule detailed in the Protocol. 

The fourth International Conference on Carbon Dioxide Utilization (ICCDU IV) is very timely. Governments from around the world will meet in Kyoto in December 1997 to agree on a new Protocol or Another Legal Instrument o the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The conference provides a very valuable opportunity to take stock of activities in a potentially important area of climate change responses - CO utilization. 

The protection of the world climate or components thereof has become the object of international agreements since the end of the seventies. The most important agreements to that extent are the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 1979 and its Protocols, as well as the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 and its Protocol (Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987). However, only the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 (Framework Convention) together with the Kyoto Protocol represent a comprehensive approach to international protection of the climate. 

There are some differences between this list and the original list of countries in the Framework Convention on Climate Change. For details see Clare Breidenich/Daniel Magraw/Anne Rowley/James W. Rubin, The Kyoto Protocol and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, AJIL 92 (1998), 315, at 320. 

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