Gas plasmas

The word scientist did not even exist prior to 1840 it was coined by the English scholar William 

A gas plasma is sometimes called the fourth state of matter. Gas plasma consists of gas ions surrounded by a cloud of highly energized electrons, and is produced when a gas under a partial vacuum is subjected to an electrostatic or electromagnetic field. Gas plasmas have many uses, including imparting particular properties to surfaces (Winter, 2006). 

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Dekker A, Reitsma K, Beugeling T, Bant]es A, Fei]en J and van Aken W G 1991 Adhesion of endothelial-oells and adsorption of serum-proteins on gas plasma-treated polytetrafluoroethylene S/omaferfa/s 12 130-8... 

Adberabibty of the film may be enhanced by its treatment with flame, electric discharge, boron trifluoride gas, activated gas plasma, dichromate sulfuric acid, and a solution of alkab metal ia Hquid ammonia (84—87). A coating of polyurethane, an alkyl polymethacrylate, or a chlotinated adhesive can be apphed to PVF surfaces to enhance adhesion (80,88,89). 

C. A. L. Westerdahl and co- oSk.cx.s Activated Gas Plasma SuTpace Treatment of Polymers for Adhesive Bonding, Part III, Technical Report 4279, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J., 1972. 

M. D. Hester, Gas Plasma Analysis Using an Emission Spectrometer, AUiedSignal Inc., Kansas City, Mo., Jan. 1990, p. KCP-613-4169. 

P. W. Rose and E. M. Liston, Treating Plastic Su faces with Cold Gas Plasmas, Plastics Engineering, Oct. 1985, pp. 41—45. 

While some video display screens such as liquid crystal, gas plasma or vacuum fluorescent displays do not present the same charged screen hazards as CRTs, this does not imply that they are safe for use in hazardous locations. This requires special design and certification for use with a given flammable atmosphere. Non-certified equipment used in locations classified as hazardous under Article 500 of NFPA 70 National Electrical Code require a purged or pressurized enclosure to control ignition hazards as described in NFPA 496 Standard for Purged and Pressurized Enclosures for Electrical Equipment. The screen in this case is located behind a window in the enclosure. 

Gas plasma treatment operates at low pressure and relatively low temperature. While the corona treatment is applicable to substrates in sheet or film form, the gas plasma process can treat objects of virtually any shape. The gases most widely used to generate plasma by free-radical reactions include air, argon, helium, nitrogen, and oxygen. All these, with the exception of oxygen. 

The diffusion of electrons plays a major role in the surface treatment of polymers in a gas plasma apparatus. The adhesion of PE tapes increases to a maximum by this treatment at 0.20 to 0.30 A for 20 to 30 s [40]. IR absorption at 1600-1750 cm increases 1.5-fold on discharge treatment owing to the formation of polar >C==0 and —COOH groups, which increase tape adhesion. 

Brout, R., Phys. Rev. 108, 515, Correlation energy of a high density gas Plasma coordinates. ... 

Hoffman, A. S. Ioninzing Radiation and Gas Plasma (or Glow) Discharge Treatments for Preparation of Novel Polymeric Biomaterials. Vol. 57, pp. 141 — 157. 

The Cl reagent-gas plasma is either generated by thermospray ionization if buffer is present or, as described above, by the filament or discharge electrode. 

Erdemir, A., Nilufer, I. B., EryUmaz, O., Beschliesser, L. M., and Fenske, G. R., Friction and Wear Performance of Diamond-like Carbon Films Grown in Various Source Gas Plasmas," Srrr/ Coat. Technol., Vol. 121,1999, pp. 589-593. 

Several environment-friendly surface preparation for the treatment of mbber soles with radiations have been recently studied. These treatments are clean (no chemicals or reactions by-products are produced) and fast, and furthermore online bonding at shoe factory can be produced, so the future trend in surface modification of substrates in shoe industry will be likely directed to the industrial application of those treatments. Corona discharge, low-pressure RF gas plasma, and ultraviolet (UV) treatments have been successfully used at laboratory scale to improve the adhesion of several sole materials in shoe industry. Recently, surface modification of SBR and TR by UV radiation has been industrially demonstrated in shoe industry... 

Low-pressure RF gas plasma is effective to enhance the adhesion of SBR and Oxygen,... 

HR-CGC, HRGC High-resolution (capillary) gas plasma-mass spectrometry... 

Many recombination and spectroscopic studies have been carried out in decaying rare-gas plasmas. Invariably, the buffer gas was the parent gas of the ion under study. In addition to recording the emitted spectra, Frommhold and Biondi60 examined the line shapes of many afterglow lines in neon and in argon. The intent was to find spectroscopic evidence for Doppler broadening of the lines which would prove that... 

A number of points are clear. First, in all cases the major expense of laser photons is the hardware, not the energy (even at Austin prices). Secondly, the intrinsically greater efficiency of the lower-energy lasers, especially the economic attractiveness of the CO2 laser, is evident. One can easily understand why laser chemistry schemes based upon multiphoton infrared absorption attract so much effort. Thirdly, on a per-unit-time basis the ion laser is more than twice as expensive to operate than even the rather exotic excimer laser. This is because of the inherent energetic inefficiency of the rare-gas plasma as a gain medium and because of the extrinsic, and hideous, expense of ion laser plasma tubes (and their poor reliability). 

Emission of electromagnetic radiation in the visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum by atoms and ions after electronic excitation in a high temperature gas plasma. Laser excitation sometimes used. 

It would be possible to write an entire book on the topic of emission spectrometry instrumentation devoted only to solution samples. There has been a literal mountain of research devoted to better thermal sources—gas flame, gas plasma and shrouded flames for often as a fluid sample in the form of an aerosol which is dried in the flame and the atoms in the salt are then excited. Clearly, the flow rate into a nebulizer that forms the aerosol must be constant, the droplet size consistent and more. 

The analysis of gas plasma-modified polydimethylsiloxane elastomer surfaces using attenuated total-reflectance FTIR spectroscopy was discussed.636... 

Gaboury, S. R. Urban, M. W. Analysis of Gas-Plasma-Modified Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Elastomer Surfaces. Attenuated-Total-Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In Structure-Property Relations in Polymers Urban, M. W., Graver, C. D., Eds. Advances in Chemistry Series 236 American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1993 pp 777-790. 

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