Indian Ocean volume

Weiss R. E., Broecker W. S., Craig H., and Spencer D. (1983) GEOSECS Indian Ocean Expedition Volume 5. Hydro-graphic Data 1977-1978. National Science Eoundation. 

Figures 8.15 and 8.16 show number and volume aerosol distributions in clean maritime air measured by several investigators (Meszaros and Vissy 1974 Hoppel et al. 1989 Haaf and Jaenicke 1980 De Leeuw 1986) and a model marine aerosol size distribution. The distributions of Hoppel et al. (1989) and De Leeuw (1986) were obtained at windspeeds of less than 5 m s 1 in the subtropical and North Atlantic, respectively. The distribution of Meszaros and Vissy (1974) is an average of spectra obtained in the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans during periods when the average windspeed was 12 m s-1. It is difficult to determine the extent to which the differences in these size distributions are the result of differences in sampling location and meteorological conditions such as windspeed (which affects the concentrations of the larger particles), or to uncertainties inherent in the different measurement methods.

GEOSECS Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean Expeditions, Volume 7, Shorebased Data and Graphics (1987) National Science Foundation. 200pp. 

Comparison of commercially available rosette samplers (Table 1-2, Fig. 1-5) shows that different constructions follow almost the same principle. A circular protective frame accommodates 3-36 samplers which commonly can be used as serial samplers in hydrocasts. In addition to their usage in basic hydrochemical studies, standard rosette samplers (e.g., 12 L Niskin samplers see Table 1-2) are also suitable for the collection of oceanographic tracers such as fluorocarbon compounds, helium-3, tritium or even carbon-14 (except for studies in the deep waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, where large special samplers of > 250 L volume are needed see Table 1-2 and Oiapter 13). 

Piton de la Foumaise Volcano (PdF) is a hot spot, shield volcano located on La Reunion island in the Indian Ocean (Fig. 1). It empted more than 30 times between 2000 and 2010. These emp-tions lasted from a few hours to a few months and were associated with the emission of mainly basaltic lava with volume ranging from less than one to tens of milhon cubic meters (Peltier et al. 2009). The time period that is considered here (1999-2011) started and ended with two major emptions, namely, the March 1998 emp-tion (60 million of cubic meter of lava emitted) and the April 2007 emption associated to the 300 m high collapse of the main Dolomieu crater (130 million of cubic meter of lava emitted) (Staudacher et al. 2009). 

This model estimate is supported by a comparison of radiocarbon monoxide ( CO) in low-latitude clean Southern Hemispheric air with that over the northern Indian Ocean, as measured from samples taken from the RW Brown. The clean air samples south of the ITCZ contained on average 55 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) of CO and 6.2 molecules of CO/cm whereas north of the ITCZ, this was 155 ppbv and 9.7 molecules/cm [26]. The CO difference between these air masses must be of biogenic origin, i.e., mainly biomass burning, because fossil fuels are radiocarbon-depleted. Previous analysis has shown that biomass burning adds 0.038 molecules of " CO/cm per ppbv of CO [26]. If we assume further that... 

Nitrate versus phosphate concentrations at 2500 m in the (a) Atlantic, (b) Indian, and (c) Pacific Oceans. Dissolved oxygen versus phosphate concentrations at 2500 m in the (d) Atlantic, (e) Indian, and (f) Pacific Oceans. The slopes of these lines represent the proportions by which these constituent concentrations are altered by the remineralization of POM in the deep sea. These data are replotted from Figure 10.1. Source From Conkright, M. E., et al. (2002). World Ocean Atlas 2001, Volume 4 Nutrients, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 52,... 

Riley, 1975). The 11 ions, except for iodine, compose more than 99.9% of salinity. Iodine is one of the most abundant micronutrients in seawater, with a total concentration of 5 X 10 to 6 X 10 g-l (0.4-0.5pM). Other micronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus and many trace ions, are also contained therein. The three main oceans (i.e., the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans), including adjacent seas, occupy 70.8% of the earths surface (total sea area of 360.8 X 10 km ). Of the sea area, the ratio of the continental shelf (less than 200m deep), between 200 and 2000 m deep, and over 2000 m deep is 7.6, 8.5, and the remaining 83.9%, respectively. The total volume of seawater is 1.37 X 10 m (mean depth 3795 m) (Bowden, 1975). The ocean is thus a huge reservoir of iodine. 

---