Oceans/seas Indian

Romano, J. C., Sea-surface slick occurrence in the open sea (Mediterranean, Red Sea, Indian Ocean) in relation to wind-speed , Deep-Sea Research Part 1 - Oceanographic Research Papers, 43,4,411-423 (1996). 

Many anticancer agents have their origins in pharmacognosy, including paclitaxel, etoposide, and the camptothecin analogues, topotecan and irinotecan, to name just a few. The dolastatins are a unique class of compounds isolated from the Indian Ocean sea-hare Dolabdla auricularia that are referred to as depsipeptides,... 

Metabolites from cyanobacteria are generally of amino acid or polyketide origin and frequently show potent biological activity. The series of dolastatin metabolites, exemplified by dolastatin-10 (Structure 2.18), are linear peptides which show potent cytotoxic activity and are of clinical interest as anti-tumour agents. Originally isolated in very low yield from the Indian Ocean sea hare Dolabella auricularia, dolastatins are now known to be cyanobacterial products.43,44 The discovery of a microbial source for these pharmaceutically important compounds will facilitate study of their biosynthesis and could potentially lead to the production of structural analogues by provision of modified biosynthetic precursors to the cultivar. As discussed below and in Section VI, toxic secondary metabolites from cyanobacteria have often been implicated in the chemical defenses of sea hares.45"17... 

Dolastatin 15 Mass-spectrometric analysis is well-suited to the study of samples that are accessible in microscopic quantities only. An example of this type, which was solved by MS, is Dolastatin 15, from the Indian Ocean sea hare Dolabella auric-ularia). It is a strongly cytostatic depsipeptide and therefore of considerable interest in leukaemia therapy (Pettit et al., 1989). Routine identification of its hydrolysis products showed that it must be the ester analogue of a heptapeptide with one ester bond in place of one amide bond. 

Dolastatin 10 (123), a potent antineoplastic and tubulin inhibitory substance, was isolated from an Indian Ocean sea hare Dolabella auricularia. Dolastatin 10 (123) is prepared by the coupling of Dov-Val-dil (121) with Dap-Doe (122) using DEPC in 97% yield.50-52... 

Figure 1. Ocean drainage basins of Asia (UNESCO, 1978 I boundaries of drainage basins, U—Boundaries of internal runoff regions HI—Arctic Ocean W—Pacific Ocean V Indian Ocean VI—Atlantic Ocean. I—Thar desert (India) 2—Arabian Peninsula 3—Dead Sea basin 4—Inland Anatolia (Turkey) 5—Central Asia 6—Kazakhstan and Middie Asia 7—Seistan depression and adjacent regions 8—Iranian highlands 9—Pre-Caspian area.

Fig. 3.32. Distribution of oceans on the Earth. 1 — Pacific Ocean, 2 — Atlantic Ocean, 3 — Indian Ocean, 4 — North Sea... 

Dolastatins, antitumor pseudopeptides isolated from the Indian Ocean sea hare Dola-bella auricularia. Among all the members... 

The particular variety described by Linnaeus in his "Species Plantarium" (1753) was probably a double red which had wide distribution throughout China, the China Sea, Indian Ocean and the Tropics. It is a member of the Malvaceae or mallow family and is considered to be a "woody plant". More recently hybridization has resulted in spectacular colors and color combinations (for instance 5th Dimension hybridized by Gordon Howard is gun metal gray and blue) and new flower shapes. Some blooms measure over ten inches across (for instance Super Star hybridized by Gordon Howard). 

Information on tsunamis should be collected if the site is located in a region that is affected by tsunamis. Although it is estimated that 80% of all tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, destructive events of this type also occur in the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and their adjoining bodies of water. Catalogues of records of tsunamis should be carefully analysed. 

The Indian ocean sea hare Dolabella auricularia has been found to be an exceptionally productive source of new bioactive products. Pettit et al (561,562) reported discovery of nine antineoplastic and/or cytotoxic substances in D. auricularia. Some 100 kg of the wet sea hare afforded about 1 mg each of these substances designated dolastatins 1-9. The primary structure of Dolastatin 3 was proposed as cyclo [Pro-Leu-Val-(gln)ThZ (gly)Thz] (871) (562) containing two unusual thiazole amino acids and the absolute configurations of each amino acid unit were speculated to bear the usual L-configuration on biosynthetic grounds. However, synthetic studies showed that structure 871 requires revision (562a, 562b). 

Kamano, Y., Kizu, H., Pettit, G.R., Dufresne, C., Herald, D.L., Herald, C.L., Schmidt, J.M., and Cemy, R.L (1989) Structure of antmeoplastic cydic depsipeptide dolastatin 13 and dehydrodolastatm 13, isolated from Indian Ocean sea hare Ddaheda auricuiaria. Tenne Yuki Ki obutsu Toronkai, 31, 641-647 Chem. Abstr., 112,95756. 

Deep-sea manganese nodules represent a significant potential mineral resource. Whereas the principal constituent of these deposits is manganese, the primary interest has come from the associated metals that the nodules can also contain (see Ocean rawmaterials). For example, metals can range from 0.01—2.0% nickel, 0.01—2.0% copper, and 0.01—2.25% cobalt (12). Recovery is considered an economic potential in the northwestern equatorial Pacific, and to a lesser degree in the southern and western Pacific and Indian Oceans (13—18). 

Bromine compounds are found ia the atmosphere ia small amounts the sea is a primary source. Rainfall over the Pacific and Indian Oceans has been found to contain 60—80 f-lg/L of bromine (46). Approximately 10 parts per trillion (v/v) of bromine is found ia the stratosphere (47). 

A circumnavigation of the world s oceans between 1978-1980 (18), further indicated that broad expanses of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans away from major tanker lanes and shipping routes contained little or no tar, whereas tar pollution was prevalent in the Mediterranean, Java Sea and Red Sea, and in western European and Northwest African coastal areas. 

Gaillard, J.-F. and Treguer, P. (1997). Antares I France JGOFS in the Indian Sector of the Southern Ocean Benthic and water column processes. Deep-Sea Res. 1144, 951-1176. 

Netherlands Indian ocean Program 1992-1993 First Results. Deep-Sea Res. II44,1177-1480. 

The sea snake is a marine-adapted serpent belonging to the family of Hydrophi-idae. There are many varieties of sea snakes with different colors, shapes, and sizes. They are well adapted for the marine environment and have a flat tail and a salt gland. Sea snakes are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters along the coasts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are not found in the Atlantic Ocean. 

PFOA observations To evaluate MPI-MCTM model results observational data of PFOA from ship cruises in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans were taken from literature (summarised in Yamashita et al (2008)). The data was collected between 2002 and 2006 in a global ocean monitoring initiative. Samples were taken from ocean surface water. Vertical profiles were sampled in the Labrador sea, the Mid Atlantic ocean, the South Pacific ocean and the Japanese sea, where water probes were done at several depths down to 5500 m. The limit of quantification for PFOA was determined as 6 pg/L. 

Neomeris N. annulata Cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas Atlantic Is., North America, Central America, Caribbean Is., South America, Africa, Indian Ocean Is., South-west Asia, Asia, South-east Asia, Australia and New Zealand, and Pacific Is. 

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