INDEX skin effects

This influence of the internal skin effect manifests itself to a greater extent when higher frequencies are used, for example 60 kHz. Also, comparison of curves in Figs. 5.26-5.31 with the same index shows that with an increase of the probe length the influence of the skin effect becomes stronger. This is related to the fact that with an increase of the separation between coils, the sensitivity to more remote parts of the medium also increases. 

Workers in the metals treatment industry are exposed to fumes, dusts, and mists containing metals and metal compounds, as well as to various chemicals from sources such as grinding wheels and lubricants. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Historically, metal toxicology was concerned with overt effects such as abdominal coHc from lead toxicity. Because of the occupational health and safety standards of the 1990s such effects are rare. Subtie, chronic, or long-term effects of metals treatment exposure are under study. An index to safety precautions for various metal treatment processes is available (6). As additional information is gained, standards are adjusted. 

The guarded hot-plate method can be modified to perform dry and wet heat transfer testing (sweating skin model). Some plates contain simulated sweat glands and use a pumping mechanism to deUver water to the plate surface. Thermal comfort properties that can be deterrnined from this test are do, permeabihty index (/ ), and comfort limits. PermeabiUty index indicates moisture—heat permeabiUty through the fabric on a scale of 0 (completely impermeable) to 1 (completely permeable). This parameter indicates the effect of skin moisture on heat loss. Comfort limits are the predicted metaboHc activity levels that may be sustained while maintaining body thermal comfort in the test environment. 

Wind chill index An empirical scale that correlates well with the sensation of bare dry skin due to the chilling effect of the outdoor air temperature and wind speed. 

The development of ligands selective for individual receptor subtypes relevant to a targeted disease could decrease these toxic effects thereby improving the therapeutic index. Two new arotinoids are already available for topical use in skin diseases. These are tazarotenic acid (tazarotene) and 6-[3-(l-adamanty 1)-... 

Ranaivo and others (2004) used the 4-hydroxynonenal index to demonstrate that wine polyphenols decrease oxidative stress, whereas Tomaino and others (2006) studied the in vitro protective effect of a wine extract on UVB-induced skin damage. 

Certain disease states also produce alterations in the skin s optical properties. Alterations of the skin s surface, such as by psoriatic plaques, decrease transmitted fight. The effect may be lessened by application of oils whose refractive index is similar to that of skin (Anderson and Parrish, 1981). Disorders such as hyperbilirubinemia, porphyrias, and blue skin nevi result in increased absorption of visible light due to accumulation or altered distribution of endogenous chromophoric compounds. 

Calculations based on Stiff and Davies stability index (Ref. 11 indicated that under normal producing temperatures formation water 1s not expected to form scale. However, the high skin temperature (up to 150° C) of the crude heaters will cause severe CaCO-scaling. This expectation was confirmed by laboratory tests using synthetic formation water. The result indicates a requirement to Inject scale inhibitor upstream of the heaters. A polyphosphate scale inhibitor was found to be effective in the laboratory tests. 

Formulation of the risk index for mixtures of substances that cause deterministic effects is considerably more complex than in the case of substances that cause stochastic effects discussed in the previous section. The added complexity arises from the threshold dose-response relationship for these substances and the need to keep track of the dose in each organ or tissue at risk in evaluating whether the dose in each organ is less than the allowable dose in that organ. For substances that cause deterministic responses, the index T can refer not only to a specific organ or tissue (e.g., the liver or skin) but also to a body system that may be affected by a particular chemical, such as the immune or central nervous system. 

Hepatic Effects. DNOC is a yellow compound that stains human (Hunter 1950) and animal (Ambrose 1942) skin on contact. Absorption of DNOC by any route and subsequent distribution to tissues results in a characteristic yellow staining of visceral organs and tissues including the conjunctiva and sclera of the eye (Ibrahim et al. 1934 Pollard and Filbee 1951), blood serum, skeletal tissue, and urine (Ambrose 1942). The yellow staining of the skin and sclera of patients exposed to DNOC prompted physicians to test for liver effects. Results for the index index and the Van den Bergh tests have been consistently negative (Dodds and Robertson 1933 Gordon and Wallfield 1935 Plotz 1936). 

Other measures include the clinician s global assessment based on the patient s history of activities and limitations caused by OA, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthrosis Index, Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire, and documentation of analgesic or NSAID use. Patients should be asked if they are having adverse effects from their medications. They should also be monitored for any signs of drug-related effects, such as skin rash, headaches, drowsiness, weight gain, or hypertension from NSAIDs. 

Toxic profiles of the common antiepileptics vary. Of these, phenytoin has the narrowest therapeutic index, and toxicity is likely to cause ataxia, diplopia and dysarthria, Measurement of blood levels is necessary. With carbamazepine, patients and carers should report any skin reactions or eruptions, tremor or weight gain, For adverse effects with add-on antiepileptics, see the relevant sections in the text,... 

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