INDEX environmental pollution

Various liquid chromatographic techniques have been frequently employed for the purification of commercial dyes for theoretical studies or for the exact determination of their toxicity and environmental pollution capacity. Thus, several sulphonated azo dyes were purified by using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The chemical strctures, colour index names and numbers, and molecular masses of the sulphonated azo dyes included in the experiments are listed in Fig. 3.114. In order to determine the non-sulphonated azo dyes impurities, commercial dye samples were extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Colourization of the organic phase indicated impurities. TLC carried out on silica and ODS stationary phases was also applied to control impurities. Mobile phases were composed of methanol, chloroform, acetone, ACN, 2-propanol, water and 0.1 M sodium sulphate depending on the type of stationary phase. Two ODS columns were employed for the analytical separation of dyes. The parameters of the columns were 150 X 3.9 mm i.d. particle size 4 /jm and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 //m. Mobile phases consisted of methanol and 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate in various volume ratios. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min and dyes were detected at 254 nm. Preparative separations were carried out in an ODS column (250 X 21.2 mm i.d.) using a flow rate of 13.5 ml/min. The composition of the mobile phases employed for the analytical and preparative separation of dyes is compiled in Table 3.33. 

The MZI devices can be evaluated using an experimental set-up as the one shown in Fig. 5.10. For the TIR device, the lower detection limit measured was Ano min = 7 X 10 , equivalent to an effective refractive index of AN — 4 X 10 , which means a lowest phase shift measurable around 0.01 x 2-17. A typical curve from an MZI device is shown in Fig. 5.11. The detection limit corresponds to a surface sensitivity around 2 X 10 nm . The MZI biosensor has been extensively used for different applications such as environmental pollutant detection [55,56], protein-protein interaction or detection of proteins in blood samples [57]. 

Contains more than 15 million records covering the world s biomedical literature related to human health and medicine. Environmental pollution and health, occupational health, and clinical toxicology are strong areas. Corresponds in part to 46 specialty abstract journals and two literature indexes produced under the Excerpta Medica specialty series titles by Elsevier Science. (CDP, Data-Star, DIALOG, DIMDI, OVID, STN entire database and sections in composite discs available from Silver Platter and DIALOG online at http //www.embase.com). 

It is assumed that urinary Cd reflects the body burden of Cd at low exposure (environmental pollution), whilst it might be a valuable index of current exposure when exposure is high (industrial situation) [90]. 

Marketed databases offer the advantage of being operational as soon as they are installed on a computer. They contain tens of thousands of mass spectra—a considerable number even if nature produces several millions of molecules The indexed spectra obviously correspond to molecules such as pesticides, environmental pollutants, toxins, and drugs that interest the largest number of analysts. Chemists who work in these and other relevant fields are more likely to find spectra of their molecules of interest in marketed databases. 

Air quality indexes have been devised for categorizing the air quality measurements of several individual pollutants by one composite number. The index used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is called the Pollutant Standards Index (PSl) (Table 4-6). 

Recent Uses of Solid-Surface Luminescence Analysis in Environmental Analysis. Vo-Dinh and coworkers have shown very effectively how solid-surface luminescence techniques can be used for environmentally important samples (17-22). RTF has been used for the screening of ambient air particulate samples (17,18). In addition, RTF has been employed in conjunction with a ranking index to characterize polynuclear aromatic pollutants in environmental samples (19). A unique application of RTF reported recently is a personal dosimeter badge based on molecular diffusion and direct detection by RTF of polynuclear aromatic pollutants (20). The dosimeter is a pen-size device that does not require sample extraction prior to analysis. 

Atkeson T, Axelrad D, Pollman C, Keeler G. 2003. Integrating atmospheric mercury deposition and aquatic cycling in the Florida Everglades an approach for conducting a total maximum daily load analysis for an atmospherically derived pollutant. Tallahassee (FL) Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) (http //www. floridadep.org/labs/mercury/index.htm). 

U.S. EPA, Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 2008. Available at http //www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/combust/ finalmact/index.htm. 

Pratt GC, Gerbec PE, Livingston SK, Oliaei F, Bollweg GL, Paterson S, Mackay D (1993) An indexing system for comparing toxic air pollutants based upon their potential environmental... 

Okouchi, H., Saegusa, H., Nojima, O. (1992) Prediction of environmental parameters by adsorbability index water solubilities of hydrophobic organic pollutants. Environ. Inti. 18, 249-261. 

Heikkila et al. (1996) have expanded the work of Hurme and Jarvelainen (1995) with environmental and safety aspects (Fig. 11). The alternatives are simulated to determine the material and heat balances and to estimate the physical properties. Then the alternatives are assessed in economic terms for which the internal rate of return is used. The environmental effects are estimated by equivalent amount of pollutant that takes into consideration the harmfullness of the different effluent substances. With environmental risks are also considered aspects of occupational health to choose inherently healthier process. Even though most health related rules are considered later in the work instructions, health effects should also be a part of the decision procedure. The inherent safety is estimated in terms of the inherent safety index as described later. 

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics - Lead Program. Online. Available HTTP (accessed 4 April 2003). 

Notes B1 = survey on the actual condition of chemical substances in the environment (until 2001) B2 = survey on the actual condition of chemical substances in the environment (after 2002) D = survey under the Law concerning Special Measures against Dioxins E = survey on the environmental endocrine disrupters W = survey under the Water Pollution Control Law A = the air pollutants monitoring O = other survey. Details of the survey on the actual condition of chemical substances in the environment refer to Ministry of the Environment web site http // www.env.go.jp/chemi/kurchen/index.html (also refer to annual reports before FY1996). 

PEEP index mapping of major waterways and their associated tributaries (employing highly sensitive bioassays) to identify environmental hot spots and pollution sources. 

NRC (1994) Science and judgment in risk assessment. Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council. Washington, DC, National Academy Press (http //www.nap.edu/books/030904894X/html/index.html). 

Escalation Indexes for Air Pollution Control Costs. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1995 (EPA-452/R-95-006). 

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