Atmospheric derivation

Atkeson T, Axelrad D, Pollman C, Keeler G. 2003. Integrating atmospheric mercury deposition and aquatic cycling in the Florida Everglades an approach for conducting a total maximum daily load analysis for an atmospherically derived pollutant. Tallahassee (FL) Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) (http //www. floridadep.org/labs/mercury/index.htm). 

Chemical reactions involving aerosol particles in the atmosphere derive from the interaction of gaseous species with the liquid water associated with aerosol particles and with dissolved electrolytes. For example, the generation of HONO from nitrogen oxides... 

The extent to which molecular diffusion affects dating of fractured rock has yet to be evaluated thoroughly with proper models. Although diffusion is a slow process in dense crystalline rocks, it could still have an important influence on dates of very old groundwater. With atmospherically derived radionuclides, dates of water affected by this slow diffusion should appear too old. On the other hand, dating of water based on the accumulation of helium which diffuses out of solid rock into... 

Based on total atmospherically derived sulfur (natural+pollution). 

Paterson, M. J., D. C. G. Muir, B. Rosenberg, E. J. Fee, C. Anema, and W. Franzin, Does lake size affect concentrations of atmospherically derived polychlorinated biphenyls in water, sediment, zooplankton, and fish Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 55, 544-553 (1998). 

Terrestrial assimilation is a major form of N removal in watersheds and may be sufficient to prevent all atmospherically derived N from reaching surface waters (19). 

Gubala CP, Landers DH, Monetti M, et al. 1995. The rates of accumulation and chronologies of atmospherically derived pollutants in arctic Alaska. Sci Total Environ 160/161 347-361. 

Giusti, L., Yang, Y.-L., Hewitt, C.N., Hamilton-Taylor, J. and Davison, W. (1993) The solubility and partitioning of atmospherically derived trace metals in artificial and natural waters a review. Atmos. Environ., 27A, 1567-1578. 

Pinti, D. L., Marty, B., Andrew, J. N. (1997) Atmosphere-derived noble gas evidence for the preservation of ancient waters in sedimentary basins. Geology, 25, 111-14. 

Krishnaswami, S., Benninger, L.K., Aller, R.C., and Von Damm, K.L. (1980) Atmospherically-derived radionuclides as tracers of sediment mixing and accumulation in near-shore marine and lake sediments evidence from 7Be, 210Pb, and 239,240pu Earth planet Sci Lett 47> 307-318. 

Evapotranspiration returns distilled water into the atmosphere. The salts, dissolved in the original precipitation water, remain in the soil zone, and at the end of dry seasons some of these salts accumulate on the surface. The next rain event redissolves these salts, and eventually they are brought into the saturated zone. Thus recharge water is richer in atmospherically derived salts than the original precipitation. The factor by which the chlorine concentration in the recharge water is greater than its concentration in the respective precipitation serves as a semiquantitative tool to estimate the amount of water transferred to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration (section 6.15). 

Gingrich, S.E., Diamond, M.L., et al (2001) Atmospherically derived organic surface films along an urban-rural gradient. Environmental Science and Technology, 35(20) 4031 037. 

Knap, A., JickeUs, T., Pszenny, A., and Galloway, J. (1986). Significance of atmospheric-derived fixed nitrogen on productivity of the Sargasso Sea. Nature 320, 158-160. 

As Michalski and Thiemens (2000) have shown, aerosol nitrate possesses an extraordinarily large mass-independent isotopic composition. As for aerosol sulfate, this isotopic signature has already been shown to provide a new means to elucidate source and chemical transformation processes. This has proved to be an important technique by which the nitrate biogeochemical cycle may be understood further. For example, the massive mass-independent isotopic signature observed in Chilean desert nitrates uniquely reveals that these nitrates must be atmospherically derived since all other sources (by measurement) possess mass-dependent isotopic compositions. In addition, these measurements, coupled with contemporary aerosol nitrate measurements reveal that the oxygen isotopic signatures are stable on million year timescales. This is particularly valuable, as this permits measurement of nitrate in polar ice samples to examine paleo-variations in nitrate and in general, chemistry. As... 

The accumulation of atmospherically derived Pb in soil profiles is another method of assessing the atmospheric flux of Pb. This approach has already been referred to in the section on the measurement of Rn flux from soils to the atmosphere. Specifically, the atmospherically derived °Pb in soils is generally found in the topmost organic-rich layer, although there is transport down into the soil profile by illuviation, bioturbation, and possibly chemical transport by chelators. 

Figure 6 A range of mantle models for the distribution and fluxes of noble gases in the Earth. Layered mantle models with the atmosphere derived from the upper mantle involve either progressive unidirectional depletion of the upper mantle (A) or an upper mantle subject to inputs from subduction and the deeper mantle, and has steady state concentrations (B). Whole mantle convection models involve degassing of the entire mantle, with helium with high He/ He ratios found in OIB stored in either a deep variable-thickness layer (C), a layer of subducted material at the core-mantle boundary (D), or the core (E). The models are discussed in the text and Chapter 2.06 (source Porcelli and...

The work by Chadwick et al. (1999) has demonstrated that the calcium and phosphorus nutrition of the older Hawaiian Island ecosystems depends almost entirely on atmospheric sources. With respect to calcium, strontium-isotope analyses of soils and plants indicates that atmospherically derived calcium (from marine sources) increases from less than 20% to more... 

The biosphere, and particularly a number of soil processes, have a tremendous influence on the 5 C of DIC in hydrologic systems. Soil CO2 is comprised mainly of a mixture of atmospherically derived (5 C = —l%c to —8%o) and microbially respired CO2. Respiration is a type of biologic oxidation of organic matter, and as such produces CO2 with approximately the same 5 C value as the organic matter (Park and Epstein, 1961) hence, areas dominated by C3 plants should have soil CO2 with 8 C values around —25%o to —30%o. 

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