INCINERATOR DUST

Germany, sampled during Winter 2002. For comparison are also shown the isotopic composition of natural dust (O) [48], isotopic composition of incinerator dust ( ) [167,182], and aerosols composition from Southern Germany ( ) [179]. (b) Diagram Pb/ Pb vs. Pb/ Pb for wine samples (+) [183], also shown in the shaded zone natural dust (O) isotopic composition. 

Zymosan-stimulated alveolar macrophages isolated from rabbits treated with Freund s adjuvant in vitro released less Oj when challenged with 200 (ig/10 cells of a waste incinerator dust sonicated five times for 15 min (Gulyas et al. 1990). Decrease correlated best with logarithms of antimony, lead and arsenic contents and with logarithms of particle numbers and dust surfaces. 

Baking Particulates (dust), CO, SO2, hydrocarbons, and fluorides High-efficiency cyclone, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, catalytic combustion or incinerators, flares, baghouse... 

Rendering plants Feedstock storage and housekeeping Cookers and percolators Grinding Odors SO2, mercaptans, ammonia, odors Particulates (dust) Quick processing, washdown of all concrete surfaces, paving of dirt roads, proper sewer maintenance, enclosure, packed towers Exhaust system, condenser, scrubber, or incinerator Exhaust system and scrubber... 

Reverberatory and blast furnaces Pot furnaces Reverberatory furnaces Blast and electric furnaces Basic O2 and electric arc furnaces Dust-handling equipment Sludge incineration Dryer... 

Diverse techniques have been employed to identify the sources of elements in atmospheric dust (and surface dust) (Table V). Some involve considering trends in concentration and others use various statistical methods. The degree of sophistication and detail obtained from the analyses increases from top left to bottom right of the Table. The sources identified as contributing the elements in rural and urban atmospheric dusts are detailed in Table VI. The principal sources are crustal material, soil, coal and oil combustion emissions, incinerated refuse emissions, motor vehicle emissions, marine spray, cement and concrete weathering, mining and metal working emissions. Many elements occur in more than one source, and they are classified in the... 

Wastes from waste treatment facilities, off-site waste water treatment plants and the water industry 1901 wastes from incineration or pyrolisis of municipal and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes fly ash boiler dust... 

Let us suppose that dust particles have been collected in the air above a city and that the amounts of p constituents, e.g. Si, Al, Ca,..., Pb have been determined in these samples.The elemental compositions obtained for n (e.g. 100) samples, taken over a grid of sampling points, can be arranged in a data matrix X (Fig. 34.1). Each row of the table represents the elemental composition of one of the samples. A column represents the amount of one of the elements found in the sample set. Let us further suppose that there are two main sources of dust in the neighbourhood of the sampled area, and that the particles originating from each source have a specific concentration pattern for the elements Si to Pb. These concentration patterns are described by the vectors s, and Sj. For instance the dust in the air may originate from a power station and from an incinerator, having each a specific concentration pattern, sj = [Si, Al, Ca , ... PbJ with k = 1,2. 

Obviously, each sample in the sampled area contains particles from each source, but in a varying proportion. Some of the samples mainly contain particles from the power station and less from the incinerator. Other samples may contain an equal amount of particles of each source. In general, one can say that the composition x, of any sample i of dust is a linear combination of the two source patterns Sj and S2 given by x, = c, s, + c,2 2. In this expression c, gives the contribution of the first source and the contribution of the second dust source in sample i. For all n samples these contributions can be arranged in a nx2 matrix C giving X = CS where S is the px2 matrix of the source patterns. If the concentration patterns of the... 

Coal ash, coal fly ash, power station fly ash, incinerator ash, vehicle exhaust particulates, urban dust, atmospheric dust, metal smelter dust, welding dust, diesel particulates, particulates on filter media Sewage sludge, wastewater... 

Community protection Risk to community not increased by remedy implementation, but, contaminated water may reach the residents within 1—3 yr Temporary increase in dust production through cap installation contaminated soils remain undisturbed Soil would remain uncovered during vapor extraction for 3-5 yr Temporary increase in dust production during cap installation Similar to Alternative 3 Fixation may result in dust and odor increase Soil would remain uncovered during incineration (about 1 yr) excavation and fixation would release dust and odors to the atmosphere... 

If an incinerator burns a listed hazardous waste, the ash is also considered a listed waste. The derived-from rule states that any solid waste generated from the treatment, storage, or disposal of a listed hazardous waste, including any sludge, spill residue, ash, emission control dust, or leachate, remains a hazardous waste unless and until it is delisted. The owner/operator must also determine whether the ash exhibits any of the characteristics of a hazardous waste. 

Some of the most common stabilizing agents used in hazardous waste disposal are Portland cement, lime, fly ash, and cement kiln dust. Small quantities of hazardous wastes are disposed of by incineration, energy conversion, manufacture of fuels, or other practical applications. 

Nickel may be released to the environment from the stacks of large fiirnaces used to make alloys or from power plants and trash incinerators. The nickel that comes out of the stacks of power plants is attached to small particles of dust that settle to the ground or are taken out of the air in rain. It usually takes many days for nickel to be removed from the air. If the nickel... 

In 1996, the vendor estimated the cost of treating incinerator fly ash and gas purification filter dust at 150 to 300 per ton. In a confidential 1996 vendor-supplied report, the cost of treating wastes containing toxic heavy metals and wet wastes was estimated at 300 to 1500 per ton. 

Based on these results and considerations, it was concluded that Pb, V, Cu and SO. could be used as source tracers for automotive sources, oil-burning, incineration and secondary (or sulfate-associated) sources, respectively. Mn, however, should probably be considered as a composite tracer of automotive emissions and soil-related sources (resuspension of dust). 

---