Incineration case study

The objective of this case study is identify a cost-effective solution that can reduce the ammonia content of the feed to the incinerator to 0.07 wt%. 

Let us first segregate the two sources forming the feed to the incinerator. As can be seen from the source-sink mapping diagram (Fig. 9.20), the gaseous emission from the ammonium nitrate process (R2) is within the acceptable zone for the incinerator. Therefore, it should not be mixed with R] then separated. Instead, the ammonia content of Ri should be reduced to 0.10 wt% then mixed with R2 to provide an acceptable feed to the incinerator as shown by Fig. 9.20. The task of removing ammonia from Rj to from 1.10 wt% to 0.10 wt% is identical to the case study solved in Section 9.3. Hence, the solution presented in Fig. 9.18 can be used. 

The scope of the case study is depicted in Fig. 2. In the inventory, average data on emissions and consumptions, typically based on 5-10 data points (depending on the parameter) from a total of 71 Danish and Swedish printing houses and European literature values, are used (foreground data). For the upstream and downstream emissions and consumptions (background data), inventory data from databases like EDIP LCV tool [12] and literature like BUWAL [13] and data from Swedish paper mills [14] have been used. In the main scenario, it is assumed that 53% of the paper is recycled and the rest incinerated (Danish situation in year 2000). 

The normalised and weighted impact profile for the case study is shown in Fig. 3. The potential impacts are divided into nine phases/steps, mainly related to the process steps at the model printing house and the paper production, incineration... 

Demidova, O. (2002). Use of Risk Assessment in Environmental Impact Assessment for Projects with Significant Health Implications Case Studies of UK Waste Incineration Developments, M.Sc. Thesis. Central European University, Budapest. 

The WASTOXHAS procedure was applied in a case study involving two kinds of solid waste, a municipal solid waste incinerator Bottom Ash (BA) and a slag from a second Smelting of Lead (2SL). This case study describes the ecotoxicological portion of a multidisciplinary French national research program on the Waste... 

Li et al. (2001) measured the PAH emission from incineration of plastic wastes and detected several individual PAHs in raw wastes, flue gas and bottom ash. The PAHs, however, were entirely destroyed when incinerated in excess amounts of air supply. Wich-mann et al. (1995) quantitatively measured the release of PAHs and the polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in a case study involving vehicle fires in traffic tunnels. 

An input/output model for AGRU revealed that there are two undesirable streams i.e. sour water and acid gas flare. These streams constitute CP issues that need to be addressed. For the GDU, an identified CP issue was to do with acid gas flare. In the SRU, a CP issue was to do with sulphur recovery. In summary, the common CP issues identifiesd in the case study were gas flaring, venting, acid gas incineration and sulphur incineration. The incinerated acid gas contains CO2 and H2S. This incineration leads to greenhouse gas emissions, acid rain, and hence contributes to global warming. 

White, D. C., Multivariable Control of a Chemical Plant Incinerator An Industrial Case Study of Co-Linearity and Non-Linearity, Proc. Internal Sympos. on Advanced Control of Industrial Processes (ADCONIP 2008), Paper MoBl.l, Jasper, Alberta, Canada (May 2008). 

With reference to the latest UK government s attempts to tackle the problem of the disposal and/or recycling of packaging waste, comments are reported from Cameron McLatchie, chief executive of British Polythene Industries. He calls for a landfill levy and increased use of incineration with energy recovery. According to recent studies, the capacity for mechanical recycling is presently insufficient. Statistics relating to waste production are included and the case for incineration in the UK is propounded. 

As discussed above, many detailed studies of sources are needed to establish compositions of source components for receptor-model use. Coal-fired power plants have been studied more than other sources, but even In that case, there are not nearly enough data to establish trends for predicting components for plants that have not been studied. The situation Is much worse for most other sources, except possibly refuse Incinerators, of which the three studied release particles of very similar compositions (9, 10). 

Most gas-phase reactors have Ljdp > 50, so axial dispersion can be neglected. However, there are some cases where short beds are used for mass transfer studies or for very fast reactions, such as catalytic incineration, and correction for axial dispersion may be justified. 

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