In humans identification

Cerda, B., Tomas-Barberan, F. A., and Espin, J. C. (2005) Metabolism of antioxidant and chemo-preventive ellagitannins from strawberries, raspberries, walnuts, and oak-aged wine in humans Identification of biomarkers and individual variability, J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 227-235. 

Prakash C, O Donnell J, Khojesteh C. Excretion, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the substance P receptor antagonist, CJ-11,974, in humans Identification of polar metabolites by LC/MS/MS and chemical derivatization Drug Metab Dispos 2007b 35 1071-1080. 

Fraser, L, Meier-Augenstein, W, Kalin, R.M. (2006) The role of stable isotopes in human identification a longitudinal study into the variability of isotopic signals in human hair and nails. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 20(1), 1109-1116. 

Biel L, Petterson O, Philipson L, Wide P (2001) ECG Analysis A New. proach in Human Identification, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 50, no.3... 

Antibiotics were used in folk medicine at least as early as 2500 years ago when the Chinese reported the medicinally beneficial effects of moldy bean curd. Evidence for some type of tetracycline antibiotic usage by the Sudanese-Nubian civilization (350 AD) was reported in 1980 (6). Fluorescent areas in human bones from this eta were observed that were identical in location and characteristics to modern bone from patients treated with tetracyclines. Identification of tetracycline in the ancient bones was further substantiated by fluorescence spectmm measurements and microbiological inhibition studies (7). 

Hyphenation of HPLC with NMR combines the power of sepai ation with a maximum of stiaictural information by NMR. HPLC-NMR has been used in the detection and identification of diaig metabolites in human urine since 1992. The rapid and unambiguous determination of the major metabolites of diaigs without any pretreatment of the investigated fluid represents the main advantage of this approach. Moreover the method is non-destmctive and without the need to use radiolabelled compounds. 

Kirwan, B.. 1992., Human Error Identification in Human Reliability Assessment, A Ergonomics, 23, pp 299-318 and pp 371-381. 

Hazard identification, step one, means identification of new chemicals or other factors that may cause harmful health effects. Previously, novel hazards were usually observed in case studies or after accidents or other excessive exposures, usually in occupational environments. Today, thorough toxicity studies are required on all pesticides, food additives, and drugs. New chemicals also have to be studied for their potential toxic effects. Thus, earlier hazards were in most cases identified after they had caused harmful effects in humans. Today, most chemical products have been evaluated for their toxicity with experimental animals. Therefore, hazard identification has become a preventive procedure based on safety studies conducted before a chemical compound or product reaches the market, and before individuals are exposed to it. ... 

Hazard identification is defined as tlie process of determining whetlier human exposure to an agent could cause an increase in the incidence of a health condition (cancer, birtli defect, etc.) or whetlier exposure to nonliumans, such as fish, birds, and otlier fonns of wildlife, could cause adverse effects. Hazard identification cliaracterizes tlie liazard in terms of tlie agent and dose of the agent. Since tliere are few hazardous chemicals or hazardous agents for wliich definitive exposure data in humans exists, tlie identification of health hazards is often characterized by the effects of health hazards on laboratory test animals or other test systems. ... 

These iiicchanisnis can affect the near-term and ultimate fate of a chemical hazard. Recognition of these inechanisms can significantly assist in the identification of a chemical agent as a health hazard. In recent years, the understanding of chemical transport, chemical manipulation in the body, and response by animals luid humans to cheniicals has advtmccd to a point where it is possible to determine whether a chemical is indeed a health hazard. 

Epidemiology is an important inelhod employed in the identification of human lo.xicily and healtli hazards resulting from e.xposure to chemicals. It... 

Figure 11.14 Analysis of amphetamines by GC-NPD following HS-SPME exti action from human hair (a) Normal hair (b) normal hair after addition of amphetamine (1.5 ng) and methamphetamine (16.1 ng) (c) hair of an amphetamine abuser. Peak identification is as follows 1, a-phenethylamine (internal standard) 2, amphetamine 3, methamphetamine 4, N-propyl-/3-phenethyamine (internal standard). Reprinted from Journal of Chronatography, B 707,1. Koide et ai, Determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in human hair by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas cliromatography with niti ogen-phosphoms detection, pp. 99 -104, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Brodsky JL, Chiosis G (2006) Hsp70 molecular chaperones emerging roles in human disease and identification of small molecule modulators. Curr Top Med Chem 6 1215-1225... 

Positive identification of low-ppb (pg/L) levels of endosulfan in human blood has been achieved by GC equipped with a microcoulometric detector (GC/MC) (Griffith and Blanke 1974). Although GC/MC is specific and nearly as sensitive as GC/ECD for detecting endosulfan in blood, GC/MC is more difficult to operate. Both isomers of endosulfan can be measured in blood using a method described by Guardino et al. (1996). According to the authors, endosulfan can be recovered and measured with an approximate limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2 pg/L (sub-ppb). 

Mandle R, Colman R, Kaplan A Identification of prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen as a complex in human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976 73 4179-4183. 

Humans can synthesize 12 of the 20 common amino acids from the amphiboHc intermediates of glycolysis and of the citric acid cycle (Table 28-1). While nutritionally nonessenrial, these 12 amino acids are not nonessential. AH 20 amino acids are biologically essential. Of the 12 nutritionally nonessential amino acids, nine are formed from amphibolic intermediates and three (cysteine, tyrosine and hydroxylysine) from nutritionally essential amino acids. Identification of the twelve amino acids that humans can synthesize rested primarily on data derived from feeding diets in which purified amino acids replaced protein. This chapter considers only the biosynthesis of the twelve amino acids that are synthesized in human tissues, not the other eight that are synthesized by plants. 

Rempel SA, Dudas S, Ge S, Gutierrez JA (2000) Identification and localization of the cytokine SDFl and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4, to regions of necrosis and angiogenesis in human glioblastoma. Chn Cancer Res 6 102-111 Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke ME, Weissman IL (2001) Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature 414 105-111... 

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