In freshwater ecosystem

Linde, A.R., R Arribas, S. Sanchez-Galan, and E. Garcia-Vazquez. 1996. Eel (Anguilla anguilla) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) target species to assess the biological impact of trace metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31 297-302. 

Paraquat is strongly adsorbed to soils and sediments and is biologically unavailable in that form however, it is not degraded significantly for many years, except in surface soils. In surface soils, paraquat loss through photodecomposition approaches 50% in 3 weeks. In freshwater ecosystems, loss from water column is rapid about 50% in 36 h and 100% in 4 weeks. In marine ecosystems, 50 to 70% loss of paraquat from seawater was usually recorded within 24 h. 

Van Wijngaarden RPA, Brock TCM, Van den Brink PJ (2005) Threshold levels of insecticides in freshwater ecosystems a review. Ecotoxicology 14 353-378... 

Brock TCM, Lahr J, Van den Brink PJ (2000) Ecological risks of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems, Part 1 Herbicides. Alterra-Rapport 088, Alterra, Wageningen... 

Boudou, A., Delnomdedieu, M., Georgescauld, D., Ribeyre, F. and Saouter, E. (1991). Fundamental roles of biological barriers in mercury accumulation and transfer in freshwater ecosystems (analysis at organism, organ, cell and molecular levels), Wat. Air, Soil Poll., 56, 807-822. 

Morphological, behavioural and life-history responses to the chemical presence of kairomones from potential predators are comprehensively surveyed by Lass and Spaak (2003). Phenotypic plasticity that has been intensely studied in freshwater ecosystems is reviewed by Miner et al. (2005) and van Holthoon et al. (2003). Behavioural responses to kairomones are treated by von Elert and Pohnert (2000). 

Thomann, R.V. Connolly, J.P. Parkerton, T.F 1992, Modeling Accumulation of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Food Webs. In Chemical Dynamics in Freshwater Ecosystems. Gobas F.A.P.C., Mc-Corquodale, J.A., Eds. Lewis Publishers Boca Raton FL. pp. 153-185. 

Steffan, R.J., Breen, A., Atlas, R.M. Sayler, G.S. (1989). Application of gene probe methods for monitoring specific microbial populations in freshwater ecosystems. Canacian Journal of Microbiology, 35, 681-5. 

Grimalt JO, Catalan J, Fernandez P, Pina B, Munthe J (2010) Distribution of persistent organic pollutants and mercury in freshwater ecosystems under changing climate conditions. In Keman M, Battarbee RW, Moss B (eds) Climate change impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp 180-202 (Chapter 8)... 

Thomas, J. D. 1997. The role of dissolved organic matter, particularly free amino acids and humic substances, in freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater Biology 38 1—36. 

Wetzel, R. G. 1992. Gradient-dominated ecosystems Sources and regulatory functions of dissolved organic matter in freshwater ecosystems. Hydrobiologia 229 181—198. 

In freshwater ecosystems, particularly streams and wetlands, biofilms account for a large portion of heterotrophic metabolism, as well as primary production (Edwards etal., 1990 see Chapter 12), acting as both sources and sinks for DOM. As the depth of the overlying water in the system increases, attached communities account for a declining share of system metabolism. 

Wetzel, R. G. 1996. Benthic algae and nutrient cycling in standing freshwater ecosystems. In Algal Ecology Benthic Algae in Freshwater Ecosystems (R. J. Stevenson, M. Bothwell, and R. Lowe, Eds.), pp. 641—667. Academic Press, New York. 

There are no fewer than 1,500 substances recognized as pollutants in freshwater ecosystems. Among them are the following ... 

Brock TCM, van Wijngaarden RPA, van Geest GJ. 2000b. Ecological risks of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems part 2 insecticides. No. 089. Wageningen (The Netherlands) Alterra, 141 p. 

Landrum PF, Fisher SW. 1998. Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. In Arts MT, Wainman B, editors. Lipids in freshwater ecosystems. New York (NY) Springer-Verlag, p 203-234. 

Webster, J. R., and Benfield, E.F. (1986) Vascular plant breakdown in freshwater ecosystems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17, 567-594. 

Most studies examining fungal participation in biogeochemical cycles in freshwater ecosystems focused on the role of fungi in the decomposition of plant litter. Historically, the lack of appropriate methods to accurately quantify... 

Gessner, M. O. van Ryckegem, G. (2002). Water fungi as decomposers in freshwater ecosystems. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology, ed. G. Bitton. 

Ziegler, S., and Fogel, M. L. (2003). Seasonal and diel relationships between the isotopic compositions of dissolved and particulate organic matter in freshwater ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 64, 25—52. 

There have been remarkably few attempts to determine the contribution of Fe(III) reduction to anaerobic carbon metabolism in freshwater ecosystems where it may be the dominant pathway. The most extensive such study examined 16 rice paddy soils collected from China, Italy, and the Philippines (Yao et al., 1999). Fe(III) reduction was 58-79% of carbon metabohsm during the reduction phase (Section 8.08.8.1), with most of the remainder attributed to methanogenesis. Fe(III) reduction contributed —70% of the anaerobic metabolism in a Juncus effusus marsh (Roden and Wetzel, 1996). 

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