Phenotypic plasticity

Bradshaw, A.D. (1965). Evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity in plants. Advances in Genetics, 13, 115-55. 

Pearce, A.K. (1987). An Investigation of Phenotypic Plasticity in Co-existing Populations of Four Grasses in a Calcareous Pasture in North Derbyshire. PhD thesis. University of Sheffield. 

Smit, P.T. (1980). Phenotypic Plasticity of Four Grass Species under Water, Light and Nutrient Stress. BSc thesis. University of Utrecht. 

Auersperg, N., Mainesbandiera, S. L., Dyck, H. G., Kruk, P. A. (1994). Characterization of cultured human ovarian surface epithelialcells- phenotypic plasticity and premalignant changes. Lab Invest 71(4), 510-518. 

Sarkar, S. (2002), From the Reaktionsnorm to the Evolution of Adaptive Plasticity A Historical Sketch, 1909-1999, in T. DeWitt and S. M. Scheiner (eds.) Phenotypic Plasticity Functional and Conceptual Approaches, Oxford University Press, New York. 

Of the examples considered above, two are of phenotypic diversity in a life-history trait where the life-history trait under consideration is clearly a facultative phenomenon. That is, for developmental route in S. ratti and for arrested development, there are distinct, mutually exclusive developmental routes. Thus, diversity in these traits between different parasite lines is relatively easy to observe, as is the response to selection. Both these traits are, in part, affected by environmental conditions and so are phenotypically plastic. For S. ratti, variation in the sensitivity of this plasticity can also be seen. Although environmental sensitivity of arrested development is as yet uninvestigated, by analogy with S. ratti it is likely to vary. 

Kraft, P. G., Wilson, R. S. and Franklin, C. E. (2005) Predator-mediated phenotypic plasticity in tadpoles of the striped marsh frog, Limnodynastes peronii. Aust. Ecol. 30, 558-563. 

Morphological, behavioural and life-history responses to the chemical presence of kairomones from potential predators are comprehensively surveyed by Lass and Spaak (2003). Phenotypic plasticity that has been intensely studied in freshwater ecosystems is reviewed by Miner et al. (2005) and van Holthoon et al. (2003). Behavioural responses to kairomones are treated by von Elert and Pohnert (2000). 

Ballhorn, D. J., Hell, M. and Lieberei, R. 2006. Phenotypic plasticity of cyanogen-esis in lima bean Phaseolus lunatus - Activity and activation of beta-glucosidase. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 32(2) 261-275. 

Sultan, S. E. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth. Ecology, 82 328-343. 

Bell, D. L. and Sultan, S. E. 1999. Dynamic phenotypic plasticity for root growth in Polygonum A comparative study. American Journal of Botany, 86 807-819. 

Baldwin, I.T. (1999). Inducible nicotine production in native Nicotiana as an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25 3-30. 

Matejusova, I., Koubkova, B., Gelnar, M. and Cunningham, C.O. (2002) Paradiplozoon homoion Bychowsky and Nagibina 1 959 versus Paradiplozoon gracile Reichenbach-Klinke 1961 two species or phenotypic plasticity Systematic Parasitology 53, 39-47. 

Johnston, I.A. (1993). Phenotypic plasticity of fish muscle to temperature change. In Fish Ecophysiology (C. Rankin and S.B. Jensen, eds), pp.322-340. Chapman and Hall, London. 

Trussell, G.C., Phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail the role of a common crab predator, Evolution, 50, 448, 1996. 

PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY VERSUS GENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO VARIANCE... 

Fennel oleoresin is prepared by solvent extraction of whole seeds and normally contains a volatile oil of 50% or a guaranteed content in the range of 52-58%. Only small quantities are produced for specific uses as it is not a substitute for fennel oil. Chemical analysis by Barazani et al. (2002) of the volatile fraction of oleoresins from fruits of seven natural populations of F. vulgare var. vulgare (bitter fennel) from the wild and after cultivation indicated the presence of two groups of populations. Chemotypic differentiation (relative contents of estragole and trans-anethole) or phenotypic plasticity increases within-species chemical variability, but the specific ecological roles of these essential oils remain to be uncovered. 

Ltirling M (2003) Phenotypic plasticity in the green algae Desmodesmus and Scenedesmus with special reference to the induction of defensive morphology. Ann Limnol... 

In addition to interspecific variations, the number of chlorophylls per reaction center can depend on the PPF present during leaf development. Some algae and leaves of land plants developing under low illumination can have over 700 chlorophyll molecules per reaction center, whereas certain leaves developing under full sunlight can have as few as 100, an example of phenotypic plasticity. The ratio is fairly low in bacteria, where there are 40 to 100 bacteriochlorophyll molecules per reaction center. 

At the present time, HPLC is generally employed for sample comparison. However, recent developments in DNA methodologies have provided an alternative method of DNA profiling analysis for establishing relationships between samples. This is possible because maternally inherited DNA can be used to identify the relationships between plant cuttings. Such an approach overcomes the problems associated with phenotypic plasticity which has traditionally been used for sample comparison. 

Phenotypic plasticity Variation in the observed form of an organism (in this context, a drug-producing plant or fungus) which is due to the combined effects of genetic make-up and environment. 

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