Improved Design Life and Environmentally

Vincent, J.H. Humpston, G. Lead-free solders for electronic assembly. GEC J. Res. 1994,11, 76-89. Harrison, M. Vincent, J.H. Improved Design Life and Environmentally Aware Manufacturing of Electronic Assemblies by Lead-Free Soldering. < http //www.lead-free.org/research/index.html >. Grusd, A. The future is now, no longer creeping towards lead-free. Proc. IPCWorks 99, Minneapolis, MN, October 1999 S-03-11 1-11. 

Harrison, M.R. Vincent, J.H. Improved design life and environmentally aware manufacturing of electronic assemblies by lead free soldering. Proceedings of IMAPS Europe 99 February 1999. Han, T.H. Han, P. US Patent 5,435,857, Soldering Composition, 1994. 

Harrison, M. Vincent, J. Improved Design Life and Environmentally Aware Manufacturing of Electronic Assemblies by Lead-Free Soldering UK Dept, of Trade and Industry, available from... 

The accident at the Three Mile Island (TMI) plant in Pennsylvania in 1979 led to many safety and environmental improvements (4—6). No harm from radiation resulted to TMI workers, to the pubHc, or to the environment (7,8), although the accident caused the loss of a 2 x 10 investment. The accident at the Chernobyl plant in the Ukraine in 1986, on the other hand, caused the deaths of 31 workers from high doses of radiation, increased the chance of cancer later in life for thousands of people, and led to radioactive contamination of large areas. This latter accident was unique to Soviet-sponsored nuclear power. The Soviet-designed Chemobyl-type reactors did not have the intrinsic protection against a mnaway power excursion that is requited in the test of the world, not was there a containment building (9—11). 

SPQR can be used to provide mechanistic information about chemical and enzymatic reactions. They are useful in the prediction of chemical reactivities and properties, of physical properties and of biological activities. This has led to their very extensive use in the design of medicinal drugs and pesticides. This involves not only maximization of activity and minimization of side effects, but desirable properties such as improved solubility, longer shelf life and controlled release. They have also become an important method in environmental science, where they can be used to predict toxicities and other properties of environmental interest. Finally, SPQR provide an effective, efficient and convenient method for storing the experimental results of studies on the variation of measured properties as a function of structural change. 

Process design product stewardship is discussed in the CER, particularly in respect to life-cycle assessments for titanium tetrachloride and converting wastes to co-products for use in the food industry. There are also a number of examples that indicated that Tioxide improved processes to reduce environmental impact. These include ... 

Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a three-step design evaluation methodology composed of inventory profile, environmental impact assessment, and improvement analysis (Keoleian and Menerey 1994). The purpose of the inventory step is to examine the resources consumed and wastes generated at all stages of the product life cycle, including raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, distribution, use, repair, reclamation, and waste disposal. 

This paper presents an approach for identifying improved business and environmental performance of a process design. The design task is formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem where consideration is given to not only the traditional economic criteria, but also to the multiple environmental concerns. Finally, using plant-wide substitution of alternative materials as an example, it is shown how potential step-change improvements in both life cycle environmental impact and process economics can be achieved. 

A multi-objective optimisation methodology is presented for the design of a chemical plant with consideration being given to not only the business incentives, but also the environmental concerns. Application to an illustrative example, illustrated how the substitution of alternative materials can potentially shift the set of trade-off solutions, resulting in step-change improvements in both the economic and life cycle environmental performance. 

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