Improved design

The ASA (now ANSI) performance code for Safety Glazing Materials was revised in 1966 to incorporate these improvements in windshield constmction. The addition of test no. 26 requiring support of a 2.3-kg ball dropped from 3.7 m defined this level of improvement. It was based on a correlation estabUshed between 10-kg, instmmented, head-form impacts on windshields, on 0.6 x 0.9-m flat laminates, and the standard 0.3 x 0.3-m laminate with the 2.3-kg ball (28). Crash cases involving the two windshield interlayer types were matched for car impact speeds and were compared (29). The improved design produced fewer, less extensive, and less severe facial lacerations than those produced in the pre-1966 models. 

Industry is far from understanding the true capabiiity of their designs. Some comments from senior managers and engineers in the industry give an indication of the cuiturai probiems faced and the education needed to improve design processes in this respect. 

The field of ehemieal kineties and reaetion engineering has grown over the years. New experimental teehniques have been developed to follow the progress of ehemieal reaetions and these have aided study of the fundamentals and meehanisms of ehemieal reaetions. The availability of personal eomputers has enhaneed the simulation of eomplex ehemieal reaetions and reaetor stability analysis. These aetivities have resulted in improved designs of industrial reaetors. An inereased number of industrial patents now relate to new eatalysts and eatalytie proeesses, synthetie polymers, and novel reaetor designs. Lin [1] has given a eomprehensive review of ehemieal reaetions involving kineties and meehanisms. 

Spray drift may cause annoyance to people in its path, as well as corrosion of adjacent metals and concrete breakdown improved design of drift eliminators available (in PVC) for critical control of drift... 

The improved design of the gating interface resulted in precise alignment of the two capillaries. A colored dye solution was added to the HPLC eluent to allow for du cct observation of the flow gating and injection processes. Through observation of the movement of the dye through the interface, it was possible to ensure that the electrokinetic injections were performed correctly. Troubleshooting had been a... 

An improved design undertaken by Sacony used high-velocity gases to replace the mechanical elevator systems as catalyst carriers. These so-called air-lift units improved upon the Thermofor process both in terms of economies and octane numbers. It was, however, only with the fluid cracking process that catalytic technology realized fully continuous production. 

The primary pump types for the chemical industry for horizontal and vertical inline applications have been standardized in ANSI B-123, ANSI Std B73.1M for horizontal end suction centrifugal pumps, and ANSI B73.2M for vertical inline centrifugal pumps. The standards are in a continuous process of upgrading to suit requirements of industry and the manufacturers. The API-610 standard is primarily a heavy duty application, such as is used for the refinery and chemical industry requirements. This is the only true world pump [21] standard, although the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is studying such an improved design [20]. 

Figure 34.3 Improved design of crossflow unit (note easy-removal panel)...

Some manufacturers of this type of boiler claim that water treatment of any kind is not necessary and that no chemicals are required, especially with smaller units below, say, 240 kWh (800 lb/hr). Instead they rely on the on-off expansion-contraction cycles within the vessel to drop scale from the heating elements, or on a daily manual flush of the boiler vessel together with frequent replacement of elements and periodic acid cleaning. (Some improved design models thankfully have an automatic flush system that is actuated upon boiler shutdown.)... 

Figure 3.13 Three methods of chemically etching metal tips for STM. In (a) the current cut-off is manually or electronically triggered when the end of the etched wire falls the finite time delay inherent in this approach results in a blunting of the final tip as etching continues after separation, (b) This shows an adaptation in which the etching current is automatically cut off when the lower portion of the wire drops - it is the lower portion that is used as an STM tip. (c) This shows an improved design in which the etching current is fed to the lower portion of the tungsten wire through an electrolyte held in a conductive beaker. In this case the upper portion of the etched wire is kept.

Age of facility. Older equipment, particularly equipment subject to frequent thermal or mechanical cycling, may have a higher frequency of failure. Additionally, newer equipment may incorporate improvements designed to reduce the potential for equipment failure. This consideration can be applied not only to individual pieces of equipment but to entire process units. 

A spin-off of all of these task forces has been the open discussions that have led to improved design considerations and effective use of resources in the conduct of field exposure studies. These task forces have evaluated a variety of exposure measuring techniques, developed study designs for conducting studies, and performed field studies in a uniform and efficient manner. The task force protocols and designs have become models for the industry, having received valuable input and approval from the regulatory community. 

The second mathematical formulation presented, is a design model based on the PIS operational philosophy. This formulation is an MINLP model due to the capital cost objective function. The model is applied to a literature example and an improved design is achieved when compared to the flowsheet. The design model is then applied to an industrial case study from the phenols production facility to determine its effectiveness. The data for the case study are subject to a secrecy agreement and as such the names and details of the case study are altered. 

Gamburtzev S., Velev O.A., Danin R., Srinivasan S., Appleby A.J. Performance of an improved design of metal hydride/air rechargeable cell . In Batteries for portable application and electric vehicles. C.Holmes, A.Landgrebe ed. Pennington Electroch. Soc, 1997, 726-33. 

As the range of components available for use in the azoic dyeing process expanded, research was simultaneously targeted on improvements designed to make the process more attractive to the commercial dyer. The necessity for the dyer to diazotise the Fast Base was removed with the introduction of stabilised diazonium salts [111], known as Fast Salts. Stabilisation was achieved by a judicious selection of the counter-ion to the diazonium cation various anions have found use in commercial Fast Salts and some examples are listed in Table 4-4. Particularly effective is the diazonium tetrachlorozincate, which can be readily prepared by adding an excess of zinc chloride solution to a solution of the diazonium salt. The precipitated complex diazonium salt is usually admixed with an inert diluent, which enhances its stability, and in use the dyer only needs to dissolve the powder in water to prepare the necessary diazonium salt solution. 

Improved design for control of dust, especially carbon dust generated by the carbon carrier. 

The second area of advance is in mechanisation which enables the opening and closing to be done automatically by a ram driven hydraulically or by an electric motor. Plate transportation is effected by fitting triggers to two endless chains operating the plates, and labour costs have consequently been reduced very considerably. Improved designs have... 

In an improved design, called an MCFC network, reactant streams are ducted such that they are fed and recycled among multiple MCFC stacks in series. Figure 9-19b illustrates how the reactant streams in a fuel cell network flow in series from stack to stack. By networking fuel cell stacks, increased efficiency, improved thermal balance, and higher total reactant utilizations can be achieved. Networking also allows reactant streams to be conditioned at different stages of utilization. Between stacks, heat can be removed, streams can be mixed, and additional streams can be injected. 

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