Immunological liposomes

Thus, liposomes—with or without adjuvants—have a potential as antigen delivery systems. No clear insights exist on how to prepare liposome-based vaccines with optimum immunological properties by rationale instead of by trial and error. Therefore, much basic work is needed to unravel the mechanisms involved. 

Schroit, A. J., and Key, M. E. (1983). Induction of syngeneic tumor-specific immunity by liposomes reconstituted with L2C tumor-cell antigens, Immunology. 49. 431-438. 

Van Rooyen, N. (1988). Liposomes as immunological adjuvants Recent developments, in Liposomes as Drug Carriers Recent Trends and Progress (G. Gregoriadis, ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 159-167. 

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The liposome lipid composition was varied in order to get (i) a high immunological response, (ii) to increase the dose, and (iii) to increase the stability of the formulation. A complete list of all investigated liposome formulations is given in Table 1. Liposomes were made with or without active ingredients. 

Garcon N, Gregoriadis G, Taylor M, Summerfield J. Targeted immunoadjuvant action of tetanus toxoid-containing liposomes coated with mannosylated albumin. Immunology 1988 64 743-745. 

Gregoriadis G. Immunological adjuvants a role for liposomes. Immunol Today 1990 11 89-97. 

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In this respect, it is interesting to note that Brade et al. [52] found a different correlation between structure and activity for immunogenicity and antigenicity. Activity was low for isolated lipid A, but significantly higher for lipid A incorporated into the lipid matrix of phospholipid liposomes, probably because of the existence of a lamellar phase in the latter case. This can lead to an exposure of critical epitopes necessary for the manifestation of immunological activities. 

Ann Clark M, Blair H, Liang L, Brey RN, Brayden D, Hirst BH (2001) Targeting polymerised liposome vaccine carriers to intestinal M cells. Vaccine 20(1-2) 208-217 Avtushenko SS, Sorokin EM, Zoschenkova NY, Naichin AN (1996) Clinical and immunological characteristics of the emulsion form of inactivated influenza vaccine delivered by oral immunization. J Biotechnol 44(1-3) 21-28 Aziz MA, Midha S, Waheed SM, Bhatnagar R (2007) Oral vaccines new needs, new possibilities. Bioessays 29(6) 591-604... 

Chonn, A., Cullis, PR., and Devine, D.V. (1991) The role of surface charge in the activation of the classical and alternative pathways of complement by liposomes. Journal of Immunology 146 4234-4241. 

Depending on their size and surface charge, parenter-ally administered liposomes interact with the reticulo endothelial system (RES) and provoke an immunological response. After being marked by the adsorption of certain serum proteins, called opsonins, they are identified as an invader and destroyed by specific immune cells mainly in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. 

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