Immunity aging

It is also of importance to note that the major histocompatability complex is genetically linked with the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (W9). Thus, it appears that there exists a relationship between the free radical and immune aging theories. As noted below, immunity is also influenced by the endocrine system. 

Moreth J, Mavoungou C, Schindowski K (2013) Passive anti-amyloid immunotherapy in Alzheimer s disease What are the most promising targets Immun Ageing 10 18... 

Harrison, D.E., Astle, C.M., Niazi, M.K., Major, S., Beamer, G.L., 2014. GeneticaUy diverse mice are novel and valuable models of age-associated susceptibUity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immun Ageing 11, 24. 

Vitamin E [59-02-9] C2c,H q02, has been studied for its potential to modulate prostaglandin metaboHsm and alter immune response in aged mice. 

One component of the age-ielated decline in immune function is decreased production of the lymphokine that promotes the growth of T-ceUs, interleukin 2 (IL-2). Administration of recombinant-derived IL-2, both in vitro and in vivo, appears to restore certain immune functions in aged mice. Recovery of T-regulatory effects on B-ceU differentiation has been reported in human cells from elderly patients treated with IL-1 and/or IL-2 (42). Similar effects have been observed in the presence of the pentapeptide thymopentin [69558-55-0] (Arg Lys Asp Val Tyr), a weU-known IL-2 inducer. Recombinant IL-2 adrninistered to aged mice for three weeks has been shown to correct the T-ceU functional deficiency associated with antigen-specific immunoglobulin production by certain lymphoid tissue (43). 

The decline in immune function may pardy depend on a deficiency of coenzyme Q, a group of closely related quinone compounds (ubiquinones) that participate in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (49). Concentrations of coenzyme Q (specifically coenzyme Q q) appear to decline with age in several organs, most notably the thymus. 

Finally, in another study related to nutrition and the immune response in the aged, old mice were given oral doses of two amino acids (qv), lysine and arginine. The treated mice showed evidences of recovered mitogenic responsiveness, expression of T-ceU markers, and production of thymic semm factor (thymulin). The effect of the amino acid combination, sold commercially as Neoiodarsolo, seems to consist mainly of the reactivation of the... 

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis. These vacciaes Hi combiaatioa (DTP) have beea routiaely used for active immunization of Hifants and young children sHice the 1940s. The recommended schedule calls for immunizations at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with boosters at 18 months and 4—5 years of age. SHice 1993 these vacciaes have beea available Hi combination with a vacciae that protects agaiast Haemophilus disease, thus providing protectioa agaiast four bacterial diseases Hi oae preparatioa. A booster immunization with diphtheria and tetanus only is recommended once every 10 years after the fifth dose. 

Measles, Mumps, Rubella. Live, attenuated vaccines are used for simultaneous or separate immunization against measles, mumps, and mbeUa Hi children from around 15 months of age to puberty. Two doses, one at 12—15 months of age and the second at 4—6 or 11—12 years are recommended Hi the United States. 

Haemophilus influenza serotype b. Three vacciaes are avaUable for immunizing Hifants. Two of these vacciaes are admioistered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with a booster given at 12—15 months of age, and the third vacciae is admioistered at 2 and 4 months of age with a booster at 12—15 months of age. 

Cost—benefit analyses for adult immunizations have also been performed. Influenza immunization during the period from 1971 to 1977 resulted in over 13 million more years of life at a cost of only 63 per year of life gained. Productivity gains were estimated to have a value of 250 x 10 (148). Projected costs of pneumonia have been calculated at 3.6 times the cost of vaccination, or a savings of 141 per person is achieved among those at risk for developing pneumonia or over the age of 50 years (149). 

The recommended daily allowance for vitamin E ranges from 10 international units (1 lU = 1 mg all-rac-prevent vitamin E deficiency in humans. High levels enhance immune responses in both animals and humans. Requirements for animals vary from 3 USP units /kg diet for hamsters to 70 lU /kg diet for cats (13). The complete metaboHsm of vitamin E in animals or humans is not known. The primary excreted breakdown products of a-tocopherol in the body are gluconurides of tocopheronic acid (27) (Eig. 6). These are derived from the primary metaboUte a-tocopheryl quinone (9) (see Eig. 2) (44,45). 

Varizella zoster vitus (VZV) is a highly contagious herpesvirus causing chickenpox upon primary infection. After recovery, the vims stays dormant in nerve roots. Weakening of the immune system, e.g. in people over the age of 60 or under immunosuppressive therapy, can lead to reactivation of VZV. This recurrence causes shingles (herpes zoster), a painful rash that develops in a well-defined band corresponding to the area enervated by the affected nerve cells. 

Active immunizations against Lyme disease in individuals 15-70 years of age who are at risk of contracting the disease Active immunization against invasive meningococcal disease... 

Active immunization of individuals 2 months of age and older against disease caused by hepatitis A virus (HAV)... 

Vaccine diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated poliovirus combined Pediarix Active immunization against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and all known subtypes of hepatitis B virus, and poliomyelitis immunization Sfee adverse reactions against individual vaccines. Primary immunization series 3 doses of 0.5 mLat 6-to 8-week intervals IM (first dose is 2 months of age, but may be given as early as 6 weeks of age)... 

Infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers should receive hepatitis B vaccine and 0.5 mL hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) within 12 hours of birth at separate sites. The second dose is recommended at age 1-2 months and the vaccination series should be completed (third or fourth dose) at age 6 months. 

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine. Three Hib conjugate vaccines are licensed for infant use. If PRP-OMP (PedvaxHIB or ComVax) is administered at ages 2 and 4 months, a dose at age 6 months is not required. DTaP/Hib combination products should not be used for primary immunization in infants at ages 2, 4 or 6 months, but can be used as boosters following any Hib vaccine. 

Immunization of prepubertal girls or nonpregnant women of childbearing age against rubella... 

Influenza vaccine. Influenza vaccine is recommended annually for children age > 6 months with certain risk factors (including but not limited to asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, HIV, diabetes see MMWR. 2001 50(RR-4) 1-44), and can be administered to all others wishing to obtain immunity. Children aged <12 years should receive vaccine in a dosage appropriate for their age (0.25 mL if age 6-35 months or 0.5 mL if age >3 years). Children aged <8 years who are receiving influenza vaccine for the first time should receive two doses separated by at least 4 weeks. 

Acne is a common disease affecting almost 100% of youngsters [i, 2]. Acne settles in the vast majority by 20-25 years of age but 1% of males and 5% of females exhibit acne lesions at 40 years of age [3]. Scarring occurs early in the course of acne and may affect, to some degree, 95% of patients from both sexes [4]. Differences in the cell-mediated immune response are involved in the personal tendency to develop post-acne scarring [5]. 

Variation in natural immunity between individuals can depend on the state of health, age, hormonal balance, etc. 

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