Immune system summary

A review of the literature on chemical-induced immunosuppression in rats and mice, exposed during the pre- and/or postnatal period, was compared to exposure of adults. Five known immunosuppressants (i.e., TCDD, TBTO, DES, Pb, and diazepam) were reviewed. The data revealed that the developing immune system was more sensitive to chemical exposure than the mature immune system. Based on these evaluations, the authors concluded that it was reasonable to assume that testing only in adults would not provide a sufficient level of sensitivity to define immunotoxicity in the neonate 132. In summary, this chapter provides compelling evidence that the developing, compared to the mature, immune system is more vulnerable to perturbation. 

Holsapple, M.P. et al., Symposium summary Children s Health Risk - What s so special about the developing immune system Toxicol. Appl. Pharmac., 199, 61, 2004. 

Summary of the effects of trauma on the immune system and the whole body... 

The role of the immune system in trauma or an invasion by pathogens is described and discussed in Chapter 17, but the response of the whole body, in addition to that of the immune system, is essential in recovery from trauma or lighting an invasion. A summary of the integration achieved via cytokines is described in Figure 18.5. 

SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS OF TRAUMA ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE WHOLE BODY... 

The literature is rich with examples of metal-nitrosyl complexes, and it would be surprising if the generation of NO by the immune system did not result in the formation of many such adducts. Previous articles have presented summaries of metal proteins that form NO complexes (Butler et al., 1985 Henry et al., 1993), and more recently evidence has mounted that generation of NO by the immune system and by endothelial cells produces a variety of iron-nitrosyl complexes (Mulsch et al., 1993 Vanin et al., 1993 Lancaster et al., 1994). It is unclear which of the potential products will prove to be of physiological relevance, but because the enzymes that may be involved range from the central focus of oxidative cellular metabolism (LoBrutto et al., 1983) to the enzymes of DNA repair (Asahara et al., 1989), the list of potential targets is long and varied. 

SUMMARY 5.2 Complementary Interactions between Proteins and Ligands The Immune System and Immunoglobulins... 

Deficiency syndromes of Zn, Cu, Cr, Se and Mo have occurred in patients on total parenteral nutrition (TPN). There is still much research to be done in assessing the nutritional status of many elements and understanding their metabolism, so that normal dietary intake may be supplemented for health benefits. Table 2 is a summary of the amounts required, the functions and the nutritional (usually dietary) imbalances in humans, where known, of the essential trace elements.31-33 (Note that this summary does not attempt to include imbalances related to environmental toxicology and occupational hazards.) Several trace elements have important functions in the immune system. Some are associated with nucleic acid. Others have structural roles, such as Si in cartilage, F and Zn in bone. They may be parts of vitamins, such as Co in vitamin B12, or hormones, such as iodine in thyroid hormones, Zn and Cr have a role in the synthesis and action of insulin.31-33... 

Figure 18.1. Summary of the pathways postulated to be involved in the interaction between the nervous and immune systems.

CDC/ATSDR. 1990. Biomarkers of organ damage or dysfunction for the renal, hepatobiliary and immune systems. Atlanta, GA CDC/ATSDR Subcommittee on Biomarkers of Organ Damage and Dysfunction, Centers for Disease Control, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Summary report,... 

In summary, the various cytokines listed here all have certain associations with HAD. This body of evidence shades the inflammatory pattern of cytokine in HAD toward a chronic and detrimental effect that becomes manifest as the disease progresses. However, the cytokines discussed here do not consdtute the complete list of players in HAD and other neuroimmune disorder diseases. Chemokines have a unique impact on the immune system their role will be discussed at length below. 

This section provides a review of the anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) accompanied by a brief description of some of the important drugs which modify its actions. A summary of the interaction between the immune system and the ANS is also included. An extensive discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the ANS can be found in the Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System (Robertson, 2004). Detailed information on the pharmacology of the ANS can be found in Goodman Gilman s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Brunton et al., 2006). 

Holsapple MP, Paustenbach DJ, Charnley G, West LJ, Luster MI, Dietert RR, Burns-Naas LA. Symposium summary children s health risk-what s so special about the developing immune system Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004 199 61-70. 

TABLE 1. Summary of Effects of Selected Otganophosphate Insecticides on the Immune System... 

Holsappic, M. P., Paustenbach, D. J., Chamlcy, G., We,si, L. J., Luster, M. 1., Dictert, R. R., and Bums-Naas, L. A. (2004). Symposium summary Children s health risk—What s so special about the developing immune system Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol 199, 61-70. 

In summary, the animal data allow the conclusion that prebiotics, like the mixture of GOS/lcFOS, modulate the immune system and provide a preventive effect with regard to the development of allergic diseases. This effect is mainly mediated by modulation of the intestinal microbiota. 

The summary table in the report by SRC (which is included here as Appendix 4) did not list all the human health effects included in the text of the report, including acute human toxicity, systemic/organ effects, skin sensitization, skin or eye irritation/corrosion, and immune system effects. SRC s conclusions for these hazards, as well as the hazards... 

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