Idiosyncrasy, drug

Of the other cinchona bases, the dextrorotatory forms cinchonine and quinidine have been used as anti-malarial drugs in cases of idiosyncrasy to quinine, a subject to which Dawson has given much attention. Quinidine is used to eontrol auricular fibrillation, and its value for this purpose in comparison with dihydroquinidine has been investigated by several workers. Dawes has recently devised a method of testing... 

Define drug tolerance, cumulative drug effect, and drug idiosyncrasy. 

The cause of drug idiosyncrasy is not clear. It is believed to be due to a genetic deficiency that makes the patient unable to tolerate certain chemicals, including drugs. 

Drug reactions are potentially serious. The nurse should observe all patients for adverse drug reactions, drug idiosyncrasy, and evidence of drug tolerance (when applicable). It is important to report all drug reactions or any unusual drug effect to the primary health care provider. 

This drug is used for complete or partial reversal of narcotic depression, including respiratory depression. Narcotic depression may be due to intentional or accidental overdose (self-administration by an individual), accidental overdose by medical personnel, and drug idiosyncrasy Naloxone also may be used for diagnosis of a suspected acute opioid overdosage. 

D Ineffective Airway Clearance related to administration of a narcotic (specify overdose, drug idiosyncrasy, or other cause)... 

However, responses to administration of a cholinergic blocking drug vary and often depend on the drug and the dose used. For example, scopolamine may occasionally cause excitement, delirium, and restlessness. This reaction is thought to be a drug idiosyncrasy (an unexpected or unusual drug effect). 

Placing a list of known or suspected drug allergies or idiosyncrasies on the front of the chart. 

Variability in responses to drugs has been observed as long as drugs have been tested systematically. These variations have been designated as "biological" and have been considered a necessary evil by those who have sought to develop a systematic science of pharmacology. Much attention has been paid to the mathematical treatment of the data obtained from such tests, but little to the basic reasons for the variability. Krantz and Carrl state frankly "The mechanism of idiosyncrasy is not understood."... 

Hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy to quinidine or other cinchona derivatives manifested by thrombocytopenia, skin eruption or febrile reactions myasthenia gravis history of thrombocytopenic purpura associated with quinidine administration digitalis intoxication manifested by arrhythmias or AV conduction disorders complete heart block left bundle branch block or other severe intraventricular conduction defects exhibiting marked QRS widening or bizarre complexes complete AV block with an AV nodal or idioventricular pacemaker aberrant ectopic impulses and abnormal rhythms due to escape mechanisms history of drug-induced torsade de pointes history of long QT syndrome. 

Advanced arteriosclerosis symptomatic cardiovascular disease moderate to severe hypertension hyperthyroidism hypersensitivity or idiosyncrasy to the sympathomimetic amines glaucoma agitated states history of drug abuse during or within 14 days following administration of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (hypertensive crises may result). 

Injection - Heart failure secondary to chronic lung disease cardiac arrhythmias brain tumor acute alcoholism delirium tremens idiosyncrasy to the drug increased intracranial or CSF pressure head injuries acute bronchial asthma upper airway obstruction. Because of its stimulating effect on the spinal cord, morphine should not be used in convulsive states (eg, status epilepticus, tetanus, strychnine poisoning) concomitantly with MAOIs or in those who have received such agents within 14 days. 

Concomitant conditions Use with caution in the following patients exposed to extreme heat or phosphorus insecticides atropine or related drugs because of additive anticholinergic effects those in a state of alcohol withdrawal those with dermatoses or other allergic reactions to phenothiazine derivatives because of the possibility of cross-sensitivity those who have exhibited idiosyncrasy to other centrally acting drugs. 

Effective product and process optimization play a prominent role in any successful scale-up study. As an illustration, this case study summarizes the initial development, and subsequent scale-up, of a Wurster process designed to facilitate the application of an aqueous ethylcellulose dispersion to drug-loaded pellets. At the same time, it was intended to deal, up front, with some of the idiosyncrasies of such a coating system that often influence the functionality of the final dosage form. 

The usual chronic oral dose of dextroamphetamine is 5 mg, 2-3 times daily however, studies employing the drug to prolong wakefulness and performance typically employ larger doses in the range of 10-20 mg (100). Prior to administering normal therapeutic doses to humans, a test dose of 2.5 mg is recommended since toxic manifestations have been seen (as an idiosyncrasy) after even a 2-mg dose, although reactions are rare with doses under 15 mg. 

Idiosyncrasy In pharmacology this is an adverse reaction to a drug occurring in small numbers of individuals in a distinct frequency distribution as a result of a genetic abnormality. 

Idiosyncrasy refers to an unexpected reaction that can occur in some patients after administration of a drug. These qualitatively abnormal responses have been attributed to heritable characteristics that result in altered handling of or abnormal tissue responsiveness to drugs. 

Idiosyncrasy (see Pharmacogenetics) implies an inherent qualitative abnormal reaction to a drug, usually due to genetic abnormality, e.g. porphyria. 

Three forms of drug-induced liver failure are distinguished (1.) obligate, dose-dependent toxicity (e. g. paracetamol, (s. fig. 20.3), (2.) unpredictable, idiosyncratic liver insufficiency (e.g. isoniazid), and (3.) immunoaller-gic idiosyncrasy (e.g. halothane) (s. fig. 29.2). 

Table 2 Breed idiosyncrasies affecting drug pharmacokinetics...

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