ICP-MS Coupled Techniques

Using different types of sample introduction system, ICP-MS can be easily combined with various separation methods, including gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and capillary electrophoresis. Among the above methods, the coupling of HPLC to ICP-MS 

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ICP-MS-coupled techniques are expected to increase in popularity, possibly leading to the commercial availability of ready-to-use speciation systems. Among the several approaches so far developed for species identification and quantification with ICP-MS detection in foods, some led to the establishment of sufficiently practicable and reliable analytical protocols for selected analytes/matrices. In a few cases, therefore, there is already the potential for validating routine control methods and this should facilitate the laying-down of species-specific regulations in the international legislation on trace elements in food. 

Wilken, R. D., Falter, R. Determination of methylmercury by the species-specific isotope addition method using a newly developed HPLC-ICP-MS coupling technique with ultrasonic nebulization. Appl Organomet Chem 1998, 12, 551-557. 

The ICP-AES as well as ICP-MS coupling technique give reliable analytical information at low detection levels. The ICP-AES technique was used for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc assay in soil samples at ppm levels.106 The best reliability is assured by the laser-ICP-MS technique.107 It was successfully used for magnesium, aluminum, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, cadmium, barium, thallium, lead, bismith, and uranium assay from soil samples, with a relative standard deviation less than 7%. For improving the reliability of the analytical information it is necessary to use an internal standard. It is not easy to use the laser-ICP-MS technique, but it gives the best results for metals assay in soil samples. 

Nowadays, a large number of proteins that contain heteroelements such as S, P, and Se and natively binding metals (e.g. Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu) have been detected and quantified with ICP-MS coupled techniques, with the emphasis on its potential in life sciences, including the emerging metallomics and metallopro-teomics. The available coupled techniques for metallomics and metallopro-teomics are shown in Figure 4.3. ... 

When compared with optical spectrometric techniques of elemental analysis, the techniques based on mass spectrometry provide an increase in sensitivity and in analytical working range of some orders of magnitude. For instance, the detection limits with ICP-MS are three orders of magnitude better than ICP-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Figure 1.45 shows the maximum sensitivity obtained for the different elements, using an ICP-MS coupling with a quadrupole. 

Analytical techniques used for clinical trace metal analysis include photometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Other techniques, such as neutron activation analysis (NAA) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and electrochemical methods, such as anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), are used less commonly For example. NAA requires a nuclear irradiation facility and is not readily available and ASV requires completely mineralized solutions for analysis, which is a time-consuming process. 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) Archaeometry technique, samples introduced to plasma source are ionized and elemental mass and concentration are measured. 

A wide range of elements, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc can be measured simultaneously with high sensitivity and selectivity using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), a technique which is now replacing the less sensitive and versatile Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) for environmental... 

Vogl, J. and Heumann, K. G., Determination of heavy metal complexes with humic substances by HPLC/ICP-MS coupling using online isotope dilution technique, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 359, 438-441, 1997. 

Today s analysts no longer focus on just trace elemental analysis, but rather they face the challenge of being able to speciate and quantify many high profile elements. ICP-MS coupled with suitable chromatographic separation techniques offers a unique combination of simultaneous multi-element capabilities with ppb and ppt detection limits and the ability to perform elemental speciation. In this paper, we will present how Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been successfully used with liquid chromatogri hy to provide trace level speciation information. 

ICP-MS offers sensitivity, accuracy, and precision with multi-element capabilities, which is not available with other analytical techniques. The unique qualities of ICP-MS, when coupled with proper chromatographic techniques, provides the analyst with concentration and nature of the elemental species present in their samples. Other elemental techniques, which have been coupled with chromatographic systems, do not exhibit the same robustness as has been demonstrated with the ICP-MS [4,5]. Exploiting this ability, we were able to use ICP-MS coupled with an anionic chromatography separation, to determine ideal conditions for remediation of selenium contamination in various aqueous refinery streams. 

In this paper, we present a procedure for the direct quantification of metal concentrations on PMio filters using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). This technique combines the high sensitivity of ICP-MS direct solid sampling by laser ablation (Durrant 1999 Gunther and Hattendorf 2005). LA-ICP-MS has previously been used for the determination of trace element and their distribution in airborne particulate matter collected on... 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Analytical technique where samples are injected into a plasma as solution. Ion are generated and focused into a mass spectrometer for detection. 

Inorganic analysis, particularly metal analyses, generally falls into the category of spectrometry, which includes atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) with flame or electrothermal atomization or the more advanced inductively coupled plasma with atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) or mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Other techniques such as colorimetry, ion-selective electrode (ISE), and ion chromatography (IC) can be used for anion analysis. 

Use of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) coupled with a laser ablation sanqrle introduction system (LA-ICP-MS), as a minimally destructive mediod for characterization of archaeological materials, has steadily increased during the past five years. Although method development still is in its early stages, LA-ICP-MS has demonstrated to be a productive avenue of research for chemical characterization of obsidian, chert, pottery, and painted and glazed surfaces. LA-ICP-MS applications and conqjarisons with other analytic techniques are described. 

Another group of analytical methodologies which can be used for mercury determination within aquatic samples exists, and includes a large diversity of techniques like preconcentration on coated graphite tubes and ETAAS [346,347] as well as with other matrix modifiers [348,349] atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AES) [350-352]) ICP-MS coupled with CV generation [353,354], isotope dilution [355,356], or LC [357 58] GC— FAAS coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography [73359360] or, the use of biological substrates for studies on metal speciation [361-363]. 

Inductively coupled plasma—mass spectrometry (referred to in this book as ICP-MS), a technique for the elemental chemical characterization of virtually any material, evolved during the late 1990s into a mature analytical procedure. This technique has a variety of characteristics that make it uniquely suited for the solution of chemical analysis problems in many applications. These characteristics include the abihty to precisely identify and measure (quantitate) all elements in the periodic table including the often difficult to analyze refractory elements. In addition to this wide scope of elemental analysis, the technique has the inherent capabihty to perform these determinations in a multielement analysis mode, efficiendy providing comprehensive elemental compositional characterization. The technique also has the powerful ability to measure individual isotopes of the analyte elements, providing a capability that has many useful apphcations ranging from isotope dilution quantitation to stable isotope tracer studies. 

One particular breakthrough has been the development of the on-line IDMS technique in 1994,101,102 Y, ijich enables the application of IDMS to chromatographic systems coupled to ICP-MS. This technique accelerated the development of speciation especially for non-synthesisable or labile species. Speciation by on-line IDMS is still a growing field. More details on IDMS in general are given elsewhere. 

ICP/MS. inductively coupled plasma and mass spectrometry used as a combined technique ICR. ion cyclotron resonance (spectroscopy)... 

The complex of the following destmctive and nondestmctive analytical methods was used for studying the composition of sponges inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Techniques of sample preparation were developed for each method and their metrological characteristics were defined. Relative standard deviations for all the elements did not exceed 0.25 within detection limit. The accuracy of techniques elaborated was checked with the method of additions and control methods of analysis. 

The most common detectors in HPLC are ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical detector and diffractometer. However, despite all improvements of these techniques it seems necessary to have a more selectivity and sensitivity detector for the purposes of the medical analysis. It should be therefore improvements to couple analytical techniques like infrared IR, MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), inductively coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) or biospecific detectors to the LC-system and many efforts have been made in this field. 

Laser based mass spectrometric methods, such as laser ionization (LIMS) and laser ablation in combination with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) are powerful analytical techniques for survey analysis of solid substances. To realize the analytical performances methods for the direct trace analysis of synthetic and natural crystals modification of a traditional analytical technique was necessary and suitable standard reference materials (SRM) were required. Recent developments allowed extending the range of analytical applications of LIMS and LA-ICP-MS will be presented and discussed. For example ... 

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a multielement analytical method with detection limits which are, for many trace elements, including the rare earth elements, better than those of most conventional techniques. With increasing availability of ICP-MS instalments in geological laboratories this method has been established as the most prominent technique for the determination of a large number of minor and trace elements in geological samples. 

Heumann kg, Gallus SM, Radlinger G, and Vogl J (1998) Accurate determination of element species by on-line coupling of chromatographic systems with ICP-MS using isotope dilution technique. Spectrochim Acta 53B z73-287. 

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