I manure

Three major system components which need to be examined when assessing the technical feasibility of using anaerobic digestion to produce methane gas from animal manure include i) manure handling ii) biological process stability and iii) biogas handling. 

K-Trial Jarna, Sweden 1958-1990 B, C Ley/arable -i- manure Granstedt and Kjellenberg (1997)... 

Long-term fertilisation trial Darmstadt, Germany 1980 0, B, C Arable -i- manure Raupp (2001)... 

Farming Systems Trial Pennsylvania, USA 1981 o, c Arable -i- manure Drinkwater et al. (1998)... 

Stockless Trial, Elm Farm Research Station Rotations Trial, Scottish Agricultural College Ty Cwyn DARCOF Rotations Trial (EXUNIT) Berkshire, UK Aberdeen, UK Aberystwyth, UK 4 sites, Denmark 1987 1991 1992 1997 4 2 2 4 Stockless arable Ley/arable, grazed by sheep Dairy Arable -i- manure Philipps et al. (1999) Watson et al. (1999) ICER (1996) Olesen et al. (1999)... 

CH4 emitted from manure depends primarily on (i) the management system such as solid disposal system, liquid disposal systems, e.g., ponds, lagoons, and tanks, which can emit up to 80% of manure-based CH4 emissions, while solid manure emits little or no CH4. (ii) Environmental conditions are also important. The higher the temperature and moisture, the more CH4 produced, (iii) CH4 emissions also depend on the quantity of the manure produced, which depends on the number of animals housed, the amount of feed the consumed, and the digestibility of the feed, (iv) Manure characteristics depend on the animal type, feed quality, and rumen microbes present in the rumen and digestive tracks. Manure handled in liquid form tends to release more amount of CH4 when compared to solid or manures thrown into the pasture, which do not decompose anaerobically. High temperatures with neutral pH and high moisture content enhance CH4 production [45],... 

Stored solid manures acts as a source of N20 production/consumption and emission. Covering heaped manure shows reduction in NH3 emissions but has no effect on N20 emission, while other studies showed that both were reduced. The addition of chopped straw reduced N20 emission by 32% from the small scale of cattle manure. [54], Slurry or liquid manure with no cover showed negligible N20 release, while slurry with straw cover might act as a source of emission [55]. N20 emission occurs following manure application to soil [56], Various factors that affect N20 release from soil include (i) type of manure, (ii) soil type, (iii) manure composition, (iv) measurement period, (v) timing of manure application, (vi) amount of manure applied, and (vii) method of application. 

Kim K-R, Owens G, Ok YS, Park W-K, Lee DB, Kwon S-I (2012) Decline of extractable antibiotics in manure-based composts during composting. Waste Manage 32 110-116... 

For confirmatory assay, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is becoming more frequently used in the analysis of OTC owing to its high sensitivity and ability. Electrospray ionization (ESI) [55-57] and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) [41] methods combined with tandem mass spectrometry are favored because of their higher sensitivity and better reproducibility. Hamscher et al. [58] developed a method for the determination of persistent TC residues in soil fertilized with manure by HPLC tandem mass spectrometry, MS-MS, and confirmation by MS-MS-MS. Zhu et al. [59] developed an LC-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of common tetracyclines in water. The detection limit for oxytetracycline was 0.21 pg/L. Lykkeberg et al. [60] used LC-MS/MS for determination of oxytetracycline and its impurities EOTC, TC, ETC, ADOTC, oc-AOTC, and /i-AOTC. 

Kudva I T, Blanch K and Hovde C J (1998), Analysis of Escherichia coli 0157 H7 survival in ovine or bovine manure and manure slurry , Applied and Environmental... 

Bogaard, A., Heaton, T. H. E., Poulton P. and Merbach, I. (2007) The impact of manuring on nitrogen isotope ratios in cereals archaeological implications for reconstruction of diet and crop management practices. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 335 343. 

Parham JA, Deng SP, Raun WR, Johnson GV (2002) Long-term cattle manure application in soil. I. Effect on soil phosphorus levels, microbial biomass C, and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities. Biol Fertil Soils 35 328-337... 

Lynn believes the success of her recovery is due, in part, to the quality of her early life. Raised in Wisconsin at a time when farmers put manure, not synthetic chemicals, on their fields, she ate only organic foods because that was all there was. Her mother, a physiotherapist in World War I and keenly interested in health, raised her as a vegetarian, although she now eats meats. Lynn describes her mother as a forerunner of the holistic practitioner. 

With the Get a Life incident I began a practice that helped me to cope with harassment. I decided that any time one of these hateful hurts was thrown at me I would treat it like manure, which happens to make things grow nicely. I wrote a letter to Julia and told her that every time I was a recipient of harassment I would send her money to help her pay for copying and mailing MCS information out to other people. So I used my painful experiences as a way to spread the word. 

Bull, I.D., Simpson, I. A., van Bergen, P. F., and Evershed, R. P. (1999). Muck n molecules organic geochemical methods for detecting ancient manuring. Antiquity 73 86-96. 

An important topic of this workshop is Odour measurement . The two cases I described in which ammonia was just an aid in odour measurement are an illustration of the fact that usually ammonia is considered as just one of the volatile compounds in the air from stables, but not as a severe problem. Recent publications have shown that ammonia emissions from stables and from manure are a problem as serious as the odour emissions. 

I gave some examples of a positive effect of odour control on ammonia losses. There are more activities that can have an influence like housing system, manure treatment or grazing system. 

ROSS, I J., SIZEMORE, S BOWDEN, J P and HAAN, C T. (1979). Quality of run-off from land receiving surface application and injection of liquid daily manure. Trans Am Soc Agric Engnrs. 22, 1058-1062. 

Fig. 4 Piggery with the filter system. The straw manure is removed by belts to the manure spreader. I...

Institute (KI) and the Swedish Environment Protection Board (1) it was found, e.g., that the odour threshold was about 101 3. 8 in two pig bams, each with ca 550 pigs. In one bam the manure system consisted of scrapes and in the other of a sluice gate system. The odour emissions, i.e., the product of odour strength and air flow, are all in the magnitude... 

It is estimated that the dust in animal houses originates mainly from the feed (15), (16), (17), the bedding material (18), (19), the manure (20) and the animals themselves (21), (22). Relevant values are rare. Table I shows that feed and bedding, when used, are the predominant sources of dust in pig and hen houses. 

Lusk, P. (1998) Methane recovery from animal manures. The current opportunities casebook. NREL, Golden, Colorado, pp. i-7.3. 

Ladha JK, Dawe D, Ventura TS, Singh U, Ventura W, Watanabe I. 2000. Long-term effects of urea and green manure on rice yields and nitrogen balance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64 1993-2001. 

How long do I want the green manure to grow Some mature quicker than others. 

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