Hypochlorite, as oxidizing agent

When 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid and analogs 7 were treated with lithium hypochlorite as oxidizing agent only small amounts of ethene were formed. The main products of this reaction were 3-hydroxypropanenitrile (8, X = OH Y = CN) and 3-hydroxypropan-amides 8 (X = OH Y = CONHR). ... 

The use of halogens and hypochlorites as oxidizing agents is complicated by the change in the nature of the oxidation as the conditions of temperature, acidity, and concentration vary. The halogens not only show considerable difference in the position of the various equilibria and the speed at which the equilibria are attained, but also in the maximal concentrations as expressed by the solubilities. 

Because hypochlorites oxidize organic material, they are used in liquid household bleaches and as disinfectants. Their action as oxidizing agents stems partly from the decomposition of hypochlorous acid in solution ... 

Hydrazine may he produced by several methods. The most common commercial process is the Raschig process, involving partial oxidation of ammonia or urea with hypochlorite. Other oxidizing agents, such as chlorine or hydrogen peroxide may he used instead of hypochlorite. The reaction steps are as follows. 

The traditional method of oxidizing hydrazine derivatives makes use of halogens or hypohalites as oxidizing agents. The techniques range from the preparation of l,l -azobis(l-cyclohexanenitrile) by the addition of bromine to an alcoholic hydrochloric acid solution of the corresponding hydrazine [89], through the use of bromine water [90, 91] to oxidations with sodium hypo-bromite [64] or sodium hypochlorite [92]. 

Diorgano telluriums are oxidized to diorgano telluroxides by hydrogen peroxide and sodium periodate . When terr.-butyl hypochlorite or At-halosuccinimides are used as oxidizing agents, the primary products are hydrolyzed by aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium hydrogen carbonate to the telluroxides. 

The oxidation of bromide to bromine, and the bromination of Phenol Red are carried out in a weakly alkaline medium [1], Calcium hypochlorite can be used as oxidizing agent. The periods of time specified for oxidation (2 min) and for bromination (4 min) must be adhered to strictly (see procedure below). With longer oxidation, bromine is oxidized to bromate. 

Hypochlorite is used in disinfectants to kill bacteria in swimming pools and in drinking water, in both cases, the hypochlorite ions act as oxidizing agents. Bacteria are killed when important compounds in them are destroyed by oxidation, in this photo, the amount of chlorine in the water is being monitored. Chlorine reacts with the water to form hypochlorite ions. 

Z lost can be removed from the casings (spray canisters) after the lids have been cut off only by manual work, an extremely hazardous activity. Decontamination of the disassembled parts and of the tools used, like spoons and spatulas, is possible only by using the very effective German emulsion, which contains tetrachloroethylene as solvent and calcium hypochlorite as oxidant. The used decontaminant solutions constitute a further disposal problem, because they cannot be released into the waste water channel but must be burned, like liquid CW agents, in the incineration plant in Munster. 

There is a curious irony in the nomination of hypochlorite as an environmentally benign oxidizing agent It comes at a time of increasing pressure to eliminate chlorine and chlorine containing com pounds from the environment to as great a degree as possible Any all inclusive assault on chlorine needs to... 

Strecker Degradation (Oxidative Deamination), Mild oxidizing agents such as aqueous sodium hypochlorite or aqueous A-bromosuccinimide, cause decarboxylation and concurrent deamination of amino acids to give aldehydes. 

Cross-linked finishes are not permanent in the tme sense of the word however, under optimum conditions the finish can last for the usehil life of the material. Wet abrasion during laundering is probably the principal cause of gradual removal of the finish. In order to retain antistatic protection for extended use, an excess of finish is often appHed The extent of chemical interaction between the durable antistatic agents and the fiber substrates to which they are appHed is not perfectiy understood. Certain oxidizing agents such as hypochlorite bleaches tend to depolymerize and remove some durable antistatic finishes. Some of the durable finishes have also produced undesirable side effects on textile materials, ie, harsh hand, discoloration, and loss of tensile properties. 

Oxidation. Citric acid is easily oxidized by a variety of oxidizing agents such as peroxides, hypochlorite, persulfate, permanganate, periodate, hypobromite, chromate, manganese dioxide, and nitric acid. The products of oxidation are usually acetonedicarboxyhc acid (5), oxaUc acid (6), carbon dioxide, and water, depending on the conditions used (5). 

Pyridazine-3,6-diones (diazaquinones) are prepared from cyclic hydrazides by oxidation with lead tetraacetate or other oxidizing agents, such as r-butyl hypochlorite, chlorine or nickel peroxide. 

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