Hypersecretion

Besides behavior and blood pressure, catecholamine neurons also have important roles in other brain functions. Regulation of neuroendocrine function is a well-known action of catecholamines for example, DA agonists reduce semm prolactin concentration, especially in conditions of hypersecretion. Ingestive behavior can be modulated by brain catecholamines, and some appetite-suppressing dmgs are beheved to act via catecholaminergic influences. Catecholamines also participate in regulation of body temperature. 

During COPD, the following symptoms occur, usually in the order mucus hypersecretion, ciliary dysfunction, airflow limitation, pulmonary hyperinflation, gas exchange abnormalities, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Acute exacerbations appear to be mainly triggered by bacteria, viruses or environmental pollutants. They lead to a worsening of lung functions, wasting and increased mortality their psychosocial impacts include depression and anxiety that may be associated with the will to die. 

Sodium bicarbonate—systemic alkalosis and rebound hypersecretion... 

Respiratory Effects. Pulmonary edema was reported in humans dying from acute methyl parathion (Wofatox) intoxication (Fazekas 1971). Edema was found in a man who died 2 hours after intoxication, and, in other cases, edema was found in others who died as long as 9 days after exposure. Broncho-constriction and hypersecretion of bronchial glands (bronchorrhea) are primary muscarinic effects of methyl parathion. The broncoconstriction, bronchorrhea, and bradycardia caused by methyl parathion are strongly conducive to pulmonary edema. 

In the gut, many pathogens adhere to the gut wall and produce their toxic effect via toxins which pervade the surrounding gut wall or enter the systemic circulation. Vibrio cholerae and some enteropathic E. coli strains localize on the gut wall and produce toxins which increase vascular permeability. The end result is a hypersecretion of isotonic fluids into the gut lumen, acute diarrhoea and consequent dehydration which may be fatal in juveniles and the elderly. In all these instances, binding to epithelial cells is not essential but increases permeation ofthe toxin and prolongs the presence of the pathogen. 

In comparison to the Pol6 mutant, CTl hypersecretes only pectinases. 

Cigarette smoke induced tracheal hypersecretion. Prot. Biol. Fluids 32, 387-390. 

Airway obstruction manifests itself as symptoms such as chest tightness, cough, and wheezing. Airway obstruction can be caused by multiple factors including airway smooth muscle constriction, airway edema, mucus hypersecretion, and airway remodeling. Airway smooth muscle tone is maintained by an interaction between sympathetic, parasympathetic, and non-adrenergic mechanisms. Acute bronchoconstriction usually... 

Less common causes of peptic ulceration include Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), cancer chemotherapy, radiation, and vascular insufficiency. ZES is caused by a gastrin-producing tumor called a gastrinoma and results in gastric acid hypersecretion. High-dose oral proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy is the initial treatment of choice for ZES intermittent intravenous PPI therapy may be required for any patient in whom oral therapy is contraindicated.1... 

Cushing s disease and adrenal carcinomas cause adrenal androgen hypersecretion in high enough concentrations to result in signs of androgen excess (such as acne, menstrual irregularities, and hirsutism) and cause virilization in women.4... 

Pheochromocytoma A tumor arising from chromaffin cells, most commonly found in the adrenal medulla. The tumor causes the adrenal medulla to hypersecrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, resulting in hypertension and other signs and symptoms of excessive sympathetic nervous system activity. The tumor is usually benign but may occasionally be cancerous. 

Zhu Z, Homer RJ, Wang Z, et al. Pulmonary expression of interleukin-13 causes inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, subepithelial fibrosis, physiologic abnormalities, and eotaxin production. J Clin Invest 1999 103(6) 779-788. 

In depressed patients, cortical-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity can be explained by the hypersecretion of CRF, and secondary pituitary and adrenal gland hypertrophy. Impaired negative feedback at various CNS sites, including the hippocampus and pituitary are also likely to contribute. Downregulation of hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptors and expression is reported in depressed suicides [50]. In bipolar disorder, hyperactivity of the cortical-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been observed [51]. This increase in cortical-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity has also been observed in mixed mood states, mania and in depression in rapidcycling patients. Partial reversal of HPA overactivity is associated with treatment and recovery from depression. 

ACTH-dependent Cushing s syndrome is usually caused by overproduction of ACTH by the pituitary gland, causing adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing s disease). Pituitary adenomas account for about 80% of these cases. Ectopic ACTH-secreting tumors and nonneoplastic corticotropin hypersecretion are responsible for the remaining 20% of cases. 

Patients with PTSD have a hypersecretion of corticotropin-releasing factor but demonstrate subnormal levels of cortisol at the time of trauma and chronically. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may be a risk factor for eventual development of PTSD. 

Symptom relief is caused in part by anticholinergic properties, which are responsible for the drying effect that reduces nasal, salivary, and lacrimal gland hypersecretion. Antihistamines antagonize increased capillary permeability, wheal-and-flare formation, and itching. 

The major characteristics of asthma include a variable degree of airflow obstruction (related to bronchospasm, edema, and hypersecretion), BHR, and airway inflammation. 

Vestbo, J., Prescott, E., and Lange, P, Association of chronic mucus hypersecretion with FEV1 decline and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease morbidity. Copenhagen City Heart Study Group, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153, 5, 1530, 1996. 

Prescott, E., Lange, P, and Vestbo, J., Chronic mucus hypersecretion in COPD and death from pulmonary infection, Eur. Respir. J. 8, 8, 1333, 1995. 

It is known that sensory stimulations in skin, eye, or nose are induced in workers who handle pyrethroids. Itching and burning sensations, paresthesia, blisters, nasal hypersecretion, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea, and irritation were reported as... 

Fig. 1.5), while others hybrids showed ambiguous results. These compounds could be the prototypes of a new class of drugs, which may be useful in the therapy of gastric hypersecretion combined with inflammatory disorders. 

Cholera Toxin that causes the mucosal cells of the small intestine to hypersecrete water and electrolytes into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. 

If HF vapor is inhaled, a corticosteroid aerosol and inhalation of pure oxygen are recommended as first aid, because they relieve inflammatory reactions such as pulmonary edema or hypersecretion of mucus in bronchial tubes and help to prevent bronchospasm. A /frnirnelie aerosol can be given to control apparent bronchospasm. 

When Reuben et al., measured the hourly secretion rates of phospholipids, bile acids and cholesterol in obese and nonobese individuals with and without cholesterol gallstone disease, they found that the pattern of results was quite different in the obese and the nonobese gallstone carriers. The obese had hypersecretion of cholesterol but normal bile-acid output, while the nonobese had normal cholesterol secretion but a reduced bile-acid output. The authors speculated that the most likely explanation for the high biliary cholesterol secretion rates in the obese was their increased total body cholesterol synthesis. Conversely, nonobese gallstone carriers often have a reduced total bile-acid pool size, and if the enterohepatic cycling frequency of this small bile-acid pool remains unchanged (controversial), it could explain the reduced bile-acid secretion rate seen in the normal weight (nonobese) individuals. 

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