Lacrimal gland

Augembogen, m. iris, -bolzen, m. eyebolt, -braue, /. eyebrow, -deckel, m. eyelid, -driise, /. lacrimal gland, -entzlindung, / inflammation of the eye. 

Tranen-. of tears, lacrimal, -driise,/, lacrimal gland. 

The ocular surface and the tear-secreting glands of the eye are now known to function as an integrated unit. This unit refreshes the tear supply and clears used tears. An autonomic neural reflex loop stimulates secretion of tear fluid and proteins by the lacrimal glands. The sensitivity of the ocular surface decreases as aqueous tear production and tear clearance decreases. This results in a decrease in sensory-stimulated reflex tearing which exacerbates dry eye.29,30 Over time, wearing contact lenses also desensitizes the cornea by constant stimulation.12... 

Symptom relief is caused in part by anticholinergic properties, which are responsible for the drying effect that reduces nasal, salivary, and lacrimal gland hypersecretion. Antihistamines antagonize increased capillary permeability, wheal-and-flare formation, and itching. 

Sweat glands Salivary glands Lacrimal glands Heart Pupils... 

Brittebo EB, Eriksson C, Brandt I. 1990. Metabolic activation of halogenated hydrocarbons in the conjunctival epithelium and excretory ducts of the intraorbital lacrimal gland in mice. New York, NY Academic Press 245- 252. 

Giaume C, Randriamampita C, Trautmann A Arachidonic acid closes gap junction channels in rat lacrimal glands. Pffitgers Arch 1989 413 273-279. 

FIGURE 23.2 Lacrimal flow and drainage. (1) The lacrimal gland produces tears that are distributed by blinking. (2) At normal rates of flow, tears are cleared by nasolacrimal drainage. (3) Sudden increases produced by instillation or reflex tearing overspill the lower fornix. 

Hunger, R. E., Muller, S., Laissue, J. A., Hess, M. W., Carnaud, C., Garcia, I. and Mueller, C. (1996). Inhibition of submandibular and lacrimal gland infiltration in nonobese diabetic mice by transgenic expression of soluble TNF-receptor p55. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 954-961. 

Glandular tissue Mammary gland Lacrimal gland Salivary gland... 

Figure 12.4 Practical difficulties in treating the upper hemisphere of the eye with topical formulations. Flow from the lacrimal gland dilutes the concentration of drug in the tear film pulled up from the lower marginal strip...

Ru" y = 89.4 keV gallbladder, bone marrow, salivary and lacrimal glands, heart blood pool, infection, etc. Mossbauer isotope... 

Lungs with bronchi Lymph nodes Lacrimal gland Mammary gland (females)... 

Q7 Intestinal cramps are produced by the intense stimulation of muscarinic receptors (mainly type M3) on intestinal smooth muscle, because of prolonged activity of released acetylcholine from postganglionic parasympathetic nerves. Intestinal motility and secretion are greatly stimulated while the sphincters are relaxed, leading to rapid transit of the gut contents and diarrhoea. Lacrimal glands are similarly stimulated by activation of tissues innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system, causing eyes to water profusely (lacrimation). 

Drugs (e.g., pilocarpine) that cause rapid lacrimation by stinging or by stimulation of lacrimal glands in normal individuals are formulated at high concentration to offset the dilution and washout that occur from tear flow. Patients with dry eyes that do not tear readily can absorb greatly exaggerated doses of topically applied medications. In children, who cry and lacrimate more easily than do adults, rapid drug washout can prevent adequate absorption of topically applied medications. 

Figure 9-1 Cholinergic innervation to the eye (iris sphincter muscle and ciliary body) and lacrimal gland. (C = populations of muscarinic receptor sites, N = nerve.)...

---