2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate graft copolymers

Recently, Bhunia et al. prepared a transdermal device from 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate grafted carnboxymethyl guar gum-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in situ composite membranes for sustained delivery of diclofenac sodium [65]. Pol5mier matrix-MWCNT interaction at 0.5 and 1 wt% MWCNT concentrations induces excellent copolymer-adsorbed fibrillar orientation of MWCNT compared to that at 2 and 3 wt%. 

Dielectric relaxation measurements of polyethylene grafted with acrylic acid(AA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and their binary mixture were carried out in a trial to explore the molecular dynamics of the grafted samples [125]. Such measurements provide information about their molecular packing and interaction. It was possible to predict that the binary mixture used yields a random copolymer PE—g—P(AA/HEMA), which is greatly enriched with HEMA. This method of characterization is very interesting and is going to be developed in different polymer/monomer systems. 

Thiol end-functionalized poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-g-ethylene glycol) graft copolymers were synthesized by ATRP copolymerization of... 

A series of polymine-graft copolymers of styrene [92-95] and hydroxyethyl methacrylate [96-98] were found to form a microdomain structure and exhibit unique biomedical behavior at the interface with living cells, such as blood platelets and lymphocytes. The most intensive studies were made with poly(hydroxyethyl methacryIate)-0ra/t-polyamine copolymers (HA) ... 

Inoue et al.1115,1161 synthesized polyvinyl/polypeptide graft copolymers by attaching branches of p-phenylazobenzyl/P-benzyl-L-aspartate (X) to poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(butyl methacrylate), and then prepared the corresponding membranes by casting dichloroethane solutions of the polymers. The membranes were stable in trimethylphosphate. 

A significant number of works are concerned with the development of new membranes for the separation of mixtures of aromatic/alicyclic hydrocarbons [10,11,77-109]. For example, the following works can be mentioned. A mixture of cellulose ester and polyphosphonate ester (50 wt%) was used for benzene/cyclohexane separation [113]. High values of the separation factor and flux were achieved (up to 2 kg/m h). In order to achieve better fluxes and separation factors the attention was shifted to the modification of polymers by grafting technique. Grafted membranes were made of polyvinylidene fluoride with 4-vinyl pyridine or acrylic acid by irradiation [83]. 2-Hydroxy-3-(diethyl-amino) propyl methacrylate-styrene copolymer membranes with cyanuric chloride were prepared, which exhibited a superior separation factor /3p= 190 for a feed aromatic component concentration of 20 wt%. Graft copolymer membranes based on 2-hydroxyethyl methylacrylate-methylacrylate with thickness 10 pm were prepared [85]. The membranes yielded a flux of 0.7 kg/m h (for feed with 50 wt% of benzene) and excellent selectivity. Benzene concentration in permeate was about 100 wt%. A membrane based on polyvinyl alcohol and polyallyl amine was prepared [87]. For a feed containing 10 wt% of benzene the blend membrane yielded a flux of 1-3 kg/m h and a separation factor of 62. 

The synthesis and purification of polystyrene methacryloyl macromonomers (PS-MA) in the molecular weight range Mn= 1000-2000 g mol 1 by living anionic polymerization of styrene (S), termination with ethylene oxide (EO), and subsequent reaction with methacrylic chloride has already been described in detail elsewhere [180] (see also Scheme 16). In this context it has to be emphasized that the hydroxyethyl-terminated PS-MA macromonomer precursor (PS-OH) as obtained after purification of the crude PS-OH by silica column chromatography (cyclohexane/dichloromethane 1/1 v/v) and as charged in the PS-MA synthesis still contains up to about 15 wt-% of non-functionalized polystyrene (PS-H). This PS-H impurity of the PS-MA macromonomer does not interfere with the PS-MA synthesis and the subsequent TBA/PS-MA copolymerization and is easily and conveniently removed from the resulting PTBA-g-PS graft copolymer (see below). 

Dispersancy Solution copolymers are comparatively easy to produce in dispersant form as copolymerization with an appropriate polar monomer is relatively straightforward. If the polar monomer is also a methacrylate, reactivity ratios are essentially the same and no special procedures are required to produce random copolymers. Commercial examples have included dimethyl (or diethyl)aminoethyl methacrylate [11], hydroxyethyl methacrylate [12] and dimethylamino-ethyl methacrylamide [13]. 2-Methyl-5-vinyl pyridine [14] has also been used commercially, reactivity ratios are such that it copolymerizes slightly faster than alkyl methacrylates. Although composition drift is not severe, it should be added in a programmed fashion if a uniform distribution is desired. V-vinyl pyrrolidinone, in contrast, copolymerizes very sluggishly with methacrylates and is best incorporated via a graft reaction [15], sometimes also grafted in combination with V-vinyl imidazole [16]. Since solution chemistry is used to produce dispersant polymethacrylates, like preparation of the base polymer, only relatively simple process modifications are necessary to produce dispersants commercially. 

Graft copolymers were prepared by both classical strategies, that is, from enzymatically obtained macromonomers by subsequent chemical polymerization and by enzymatic grafting from hydroxyl functional polymers. Kalra et al. studied the synthesis of PPDL graft copolymers from macromonomers, which were obtained by the enzymatic ROP of pentadecalactone (PDL) from hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and polyethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) [40]. Subsequently graft copolymers were obtained by free radical polymerization of the macromonomers. A similar approach was published by Srivastava for the HEMA-initiated enzymatic ROP of CL and subsequent free radical polymerization [41]. 

In 1992, low-gloss, moldable blends, with electrostatic discharge properties were developed. They comprised PC, ABS, and either a graft copolymer of styrene, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and... 

Graft copolymer acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-methylmethacrylate, ABSM PDMS Ethylene-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (EHEMA)... 

This paper reviews the present status of affinity separation of cells based on the biospecific interaction of cellular receptors with proteinaceous ligands immobilized on a solid-phase matrix. Special emphasis was placed on the development of new matrix materials for immuno-affinity chromatography of lymphocyte subpopulations. Our newly developed matrix of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/polyamine graft copolymer offered novel advantages in (1) elimination of non-specific adsorption of lymphocytes and (2) simple immobilization procedure of ligand protein through non-covalent adsorption. This matrix allowed a rapid separation of preparative quantities of pure and vital lymphocyte subpopulations (IgG-positive and -negative cells) in excellent yield. 

These suppressive effects of SA copolymers on cellular adsorption and shape change were observed for rat lymphocytes as well as platelets (58,59). Figure 2 clearly demonstrates the elimination of adsorption of lymphocytes on albuminated surfaces of SA copolymers containing 9 wt% polyamine branches (SA9). A change in the back-bone structure of the graft copolymer from polystyrene to the more hydrophilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)... 

An approach similar to the previous divergent grafting-from method also served to synthesize dendrigraft poly(L-lysine) by ring-opening polymerization [111], styrene homopolymers and styrene-methacrylate copolymers by a combination of stable free-radical polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [112], and copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with styrene or ferf-butyl methacrylate by ATRP [113]. 

Kang HL, Liu WY, Liu RG, Huang Y (2008) A novel, amphiphilic ethyl cellulose grafting copolymer with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) side chains and its micellization. Macromol Chem Phys 209 424 30... 

Infrared spectroscopy is a useful tool to identify functional groups through vibrational frequencies in polymers to evaluate changes in structure This research was focused in graft copolymerization of Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) onto chicken feathers fibers (CFF) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), evaluating effect of reaction conditions (time reaction, monomer concentration, initiator concentrations) on grafting yield and probe presence of HEMA in copolymers by means Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). 

Park et al. (1998b) have prepared compatibilized blends of PET with PE using PE grafted with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-isophorone diisocyanate. See also Park et al. (2002), Bae et al. (2001), and Kim et al. (2000a, b). For PBT/ ethylene-octene copolymer blends compatibilized using masked isocyanate, see Yin et al. (2009a). 

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