Hydrogen transportation pipeline

The future ( ) Water replaces fossil fuels as the primary resource of hydrogen. Hydrogen is distributed via national networks of hydrogen transport pipelines and fueling stations. Hydrogen... 

Hydrogen Transportation Pipelines, IGC 121/04/E, European Industrial Gases Association, Brussels, 2004. 

This terminal point in hydrogen production can be used for refueling hydrogen-powered or hydrogen transport vehicles. There is also an option to canalize hydrogen in a natural gas (NG) pipeline provided that the distance from the WF is fairly short. Flydrogen injection in NG pipelines may improve NG energy properties [45]. 

A complete hydrogen pipeline infrastructure would include both transmission and distribution to minimize the overall hydrogen transport cost [6], When one considers the cost for pipeline infrastructure, there will be some semioptimized operating pressure range that determines the overall costs, including the cost of compression based on the distance... 

Because of high capital costs and potential HE of steel pipelines for high-pressure hydrogen transport, the investigation of fiber reinforcement or other plastic composites as substitutes for steels is one of the major R D tasks within the DOE hydrogen delivery program. The purpose of the work is to achieve reduction in installation costs, better reliability, and safer operation of hydrogen pipelines. 

For transporting hydrogen by pipeline, three principal options exist ... 

Hydrogen transport in natural-gas pipelines Several studies discuss the use of existing natural-gas pipelines to transmit either pure hydrogen with modifications or hydrogen and natural gas blends, because the hydrogen transport costs could be considerably reduced if the natural-gas infrastructure could be adapted to hydrogen. 

The principal options for hydrogen transport and distribution include pipelines, gaseous and liquid trailers. The choice for the most economic option depends on transport volumes and transport distances. For the transport of liquid hydrogen, additionally the costs of the liquefaction plant need to be taken into account. Another possibility could be to blend hydrogen with natural gas up to a certain extent and either separate the two at the delivery point, or use the mixture, e.g., in... 

Hydrogen transport costs are in the range of 1 to 4 ct/kWh, with a downward trend in later periods due to the economies of scale achieved by large scale pipeline transport. 

The last issue that remains to be addressed is whether the MBL results are sensitive to the characteristic diffusion distance L one assumes to fix the outer boundary of the domain of analysis. In the calculations so far, we took the size L of the MBL domain to be equal to the size h - a of the uncracked ligament in the pipeline. To investigate the effect of the size L on the steady state concentration profiles, in particular within the fracture process zone, we performed additional transient hydrogen transport calculations using the MBL approach with L = 8(/i — a) = 60.96 mm under the same stress intensity factor Kf =34.12 MPa /m and normalized T-stress T /steady state distributions of the NILS concentration ahead of the crack tip are plotted in Fig. 8 for the two boundary conditions, i.e. / = 0 and C, =0 on the outer boundary. The concentration profiles for the zero flux boundary condition are identical for both domain sizes. For the zero concentration boundary condition CL = 0 on the outer boundary, although the concentration profiles for the two domain sizes L = h - a and L = 8(/i - a) differ substantially away from the crack tip. they are very close in the region near the crack tip, and notably their maxima differ by less than... 

M. Dadfamia, P. Sofronis, I. M. Robertson, B. P. Somerday, G. Muralidharan, and D. Stalheim, Micromechanics of Hydrogen Transport and Embrittlement in Pipeline Steels, paper IMECE 2006-16325, Proceedings of the 2006 ASME IMECE, November 5-10, Chicago, IL (2006). 

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