Hydrochloric acid, disposal

Residues from the nitrous acid test should be poured into a waste container containing 6 M hydrochloric acid. Dispose of all aqueous solutions in the container designated for aqueous waste. Any remaining organic compounds must be disposed of in the appropriate organic waste container. 

Typical speciftcations of technical-grade phosphonic acid are given in Table 12. Because disposal of the by-product hydrochloric acid poses problems, several attempts have been made to produce phosphonic acid by a nonhalide route however, so far none of these efforts have been translated into an industrial process. 

SpiHs can also be diluted with large volumes of water. Care should be taken, however, because chlorosulfuric acid reacts violentiy with water Hberating heat, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid mists and steam. The water should be appHed from a safe distance upwind of the spiH using a fog no22le. Remaining traces of acid should be neutrali2ed with soda ash, caustic soda, or lime before disposal. 

According to EPA (1974), pesticides such as endosulfan should be destroyed at high temperature in an approved incinerator with a hydrochloric acid scrubber, if available. Any sludges or solid residues generated from this process are to be disposed of in a manner approved by all applicable federal, state, and local pollution control requirements. EPA strongly recommends that if incineration of excess pesticides is not possible, organic pesticides should be buried in a designated landfill site. 

About 10% of the ethylene produced in the U.S. is used to make vinyl chloride, which in the chemical trade is usually referred to as vinyl chloride monomer or VCM. The largest use of VCM is for polymerization to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), a thermoplastic, which in terms of volume is second only to polyethylene. PVC is used in such diverse areas as containers, floor coverings (linoleum), plastic pipes, raincoats, and many, many others. PVC has an evironmental disadvantage over non-chlorine containing plastics in that when it is disposed of by incineration it produces hydrogen chloride, which dissolves in atmospheric water to give hydrochloric acid. Polyethylene does not have this undesirable feature. 

Vent gases containing EDC vapour, not only from the storage and transport of EDC, but also from the EDC unit itself, must be controlled because of EDC toxicity and other reasons. Conventionally these vent emissions are controlled using thermal oxidation, where the EDC vapour is converted to carbon dioxide, water, and hydrogen chloride. The latter is then scrubbed from the flue gases, resulting in a byproduct hydrochloric acid stream. Consideration is required as to how this stream can be used or disposed of. 

EARS [Enhanced acid regeneration system] A process for recovering hydrochloric acid from the ERMS ilmenite beneficiation process. It may be used also for recovering waste pickle liquor. The acid liquor containing ferrous chloride is evaporated at low temperature to form iron chloride pellets, which are fed to a pyrohydrolysis reactor. This generates hydrochloric acid and iron oxide pellets, which can be used for steel production or disposed of as inert landfill. Developed by E. A. Walpole at the University of Newcastle, Australia, from the early 1990s and piloted by Austpac Gold (now Austpac Resources). 

In applications of TRUEX technology to the removal of actinides from hydrochloric acid media, CMPO will extract vanadium, iron, copper, zinc, gallium, zirconium, molybdenum, tin, and lead under the same conditions under which it will extract targeted actinides. The wastes extracted by the TRUEX process will require additional treatment before they may be safely disposed. 

In CERCLA, Congress taxed the production of 42 chemicals ranging from 29 cents per ton on hydrochloric acid to 4.87 per ton on benzene. Petroleum production was taxed at 79 cents per barrel, and hazardous waste facilities were taxed 2.13 per disposed ton. SARA extended the taxes but lowered the petroleum tax to 11.7 cents per barrel on imported oil and 8.2 cents per barrel on domestic oil, imposed a 0.12 percent tax on corporate income, and added a 0.1 cent tax per gallon on gasoline to pay for leaky storage tanks. 

Carbon tetrachloride represents an example of the change to petroleum raw materials in this field. The traditional source of this widely used product has been the chlorination of carbon disulfide, either directly or through the use of sulfur dichloride. Military requirements in World War II caused an increase in demand, and in addition to expansion of the older operations, a new process (28) was introduced in 1943 it involved direct chlorination of methane at 400° to 500° C. and essentially atmospheric pressure. This apparently straight-forward substitution of halogen for hydrogen in the simplest paraffin hydrocarbon was still a difficult technical accomplishment, requiring special reactor construction to avoid explosive conditions. There is also the fact that disposal of by-product hydrochloric acid is necessary here, though this does not enter the carbon disulfide picture. That these problems have been settled successfully is indicated by the report (82) that the chlorination of methane is the predominant process in use in the United States today, and it is estimated that more than 100,000,000 pounds of carbon tetrachloride were so produced last year. 

Check for the complete extraction of the zinc cations from the cation exchanger. For this end, put a drop of the solution flowing out on a watch glass, add two drops of a 4 Af solution of hydrochloric acid and one drop of a potassium hexacyanoferrate(Il) solution. If zinc ions are present, a white precipitate of zinc hexacyanofer-rate(II) forms. After extraction of the zinc, wash the resin with 20 ml of water. Dispose of the washing water. 

CAUTION Chloroform/acetone is explosive if it comes in contact with strong alkali. Waste solvent should be stored in a labeled container strictly used for disposal of these solvents, and not mixed with other materials. Disposal is conducted according to implemented safety guidelines of the institution. If there is a possibility of the waste turning alkaline, some hydrochloric acid should be added to ensure it remains acidic. 

General Rules of Solubility as listed in Chapter 8 0.1 M solutions of the following compounds (these are the unknown solutions) Ag(N03) (silver nitrate), Ca(N03)2 (calcium nitrate), Cu(N03)2 (copper nitrate), NaOH (sodium hydroxide), KC1 (potassium chloride), Na2SC>4 (sodium sulfate), Nal (sodium iodide), and Na3PC>4 (sodium phosphate) eight small test tubes eight small disposable pipets pH paper one flame test wire in a cork glass plates a Bunsen burner and 3M HC1 (hydrochloric acid). 

Small Quantities. Wear goggles and protective gloves and clothing. Work in the fume hood. To 0.25 g of 2-acetylaminofluorene in a 50-mL round-bottom flask add 10 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid. Fit the flask with a condenser and heat under reflux for at least 10 hours when all trace of yellow should have disappeared. Cool the contents of the flask to 0°C in an ice-salt bath and, over a period of 5 minutes, add dropwise a solution of 0.13 g of sodium nitrite in 0.3 mL of water. Stir the mixture for 30 minutes, then slowly add 2.7 mL of ice-cold 50% hypophosphorus acid. After stirring at room temperature for 16 hours, filter the mixture, wash the filtrate into the drain with water, and discard the solid (fluorene) with normal refuse or package and label for disposal by incineration.4-6... 

Wear a self-contained breathing apparatus, laboratory coat, eye protection, and nitrile rubber gloves (and rubber boots or overshoes if spillage is large). Cover the spilled liquid with a 1 1 1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate, clay cat litter (bentonite), and sand. Scoop the mixture into a plastic container and, in the fume hood, add to a pail of cold water. Neutralize the mixture with 5% hydrochloric acid, let stand overnight, and then pour the liquid into the drain. Dispose of any solid with normal refuse. Wash the area of the spill with plenty of water.5-7... 

Wear nitrile rubber gloves, eye protection, and laboratory coat. Avoid breathing dust. In the fume hood, dissolve the arsenic compound in acidified boiling water (for 1 g of arsenic compound, use 100 mL of water containing 6 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid). Add a solution of thioacetamide (for each 1 g of arsenic salt, use 0.2 g of thioacetamide in 20 mL of water). Boil the mixture for 20 minutes and then basify with 2 M sodium hydroxide (prepared by dissolving 8 g of NaOH in 100 mL of water). Filter the precipitate, dry, and package for disposal in a secure landfill site. ... 

Small Quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Work in the fume hood. Dissolve the compound in a minimum of 6 M hydrochloric acid (add concentrated acid to an equal volume of cold water). Filter and treat the filtrate with a slight excess of 6 M ammonium hydroxide (add 42 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide to 58 mL of cold water, about pH 8 to pHydrion paper). Boil and allow the coagulated precipitate to settle for about 12 hours. Filter and dry. Recycle, return to supplier, or send for disposal in a secure landfill.6 7... 

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