Resins Hydrocarbon, formation

The acid number is mainly defined for rosins and rosin-derived resins and for phenol-modified resins. Standard hydrocarbon resins have zero acid number because the absence of functional groups. However, the acid number allows one to control deterioration by oxidation with formation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups in hydrocarbon resins. Typical acid number values of different resin types are ... 

Diverting agents assist in distributing acid more uniformly through the perforated formation interval (141). These are usually oil-soluble hydrocarbon resin particles. They may be dissolved by post-acid injection of xylene or similar solvents. Oil-soluble waxes, naphthalene, and solid organic acids such as benzoic acid have also been used (142). Best results are obtained using a broad range of particle sizes. 

A further interesting aspect of heterogeneous photochemistry concerns oil spilled at sea near land, which is subjected to environmental effects such as evaporation, dissolution, photo oxidation, dispersion into the water column and biodegradation. The fate of heavy fuel oil stranded on rock was studied under different environmental conditions [87]. Samples exposed to full or reflected sunlight showed depletion of the larger and more alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons and formation of resins, in agreement with reported laboratory studies on thin films of oil. 

Kinetics of /3-Resin Formation. Pyrolysis experiments were performed on the decant oil at 800°, 825°, 850°, and 980°F (430°, 440°, 450°, and 530°C, respectively) in a closed vessel under an inert atmosphere and under the pressure generated by the pyrolytic reactions. It has been established in a number of studies that for temperatures below about 1000°F (540°C) the pyrolysis of petroleum and related hydrocarbons can be described by first-order rate equations (14,15,16). An integrated form of the first-order rate equation is shown in Equation 3 ... 

Many essential oils, such as those of citrus fruits, contain terpene hydrocarbons which contribute little to aroma but are readily au-tooxidized and pol)merized ( resin formation ). These undesirable oil constituents (for instance, limonene from orange oil) can be removed by fractional distillation. Fractional distillation is also used to enrich or isolate a single aroma compound. Usually, this compound is the dominant constituent of the essential oU. Examples of single aroma confounds isolated as the main constituent of an essential oil are 1,8-cineole from eucalyptus, 1(—)-menthol from peppermint, anethole from anise seed, eugenol from clove, or citral (mixture of geranial and neral, the pleasant odorous... 

Photolysis of most substituted phenyl azides in hydrocarbons, as in the case of parent 47, leads to modest yields of identifiable products (azo-benzenes, nitro- and nitroso-benzenes, anilines etc.) along with polymeric tars or resins. Formation of azepines in the presence of primary and secondary amines is also typical of photolysis of the most substituted phenyl azides. In some cases, the products of formal bond insertion or... 

Formation of Diarylmethanes and Hydrocarbon Resins. The foimation of diarylmethanes and compounds in which seA -eral aromatic nuclei are linked by methylene groups represents a further stage of formaldehyde ccaidensation than, that inAmlved in halomethylations. These substances are obtained as by-products of halomethylations and predominate Avhen the reaction is run for an excessive length of time or otherwise subjected to... 

The solvent is then evaporated, and the unconverted sterol is recovered by precipitation from an appropriate solvent, eg, alcohol. The recovered sterol is reused in subsequent irradiations. The solvent is then evaporated to yield vitamin D resin. The resin is a pale yeUow-to-amber oil that flows freely when hot and becomes a brittie glass when cold the activity of commercial resin is 20 30 x 10 lU/g. The resin is formulated without further purification for use in animal feeds. Vitamin D can be crystallized to give the USP product from a mixture of hydrocarbon solvent and ahphatic nitrile, eg, benzene and acetonitrile, or from methyl formate (100,101). Chemical complexation has also been used for purification. 

Aluminium chloride Resin manufacture by polymerization of low molecular-weight hydrocarbons Friedel-Crafts reactions to manufacture detergent alkylate, agrochemicals, drugs Irritation due to formation of HCI with moisture... 

Uses. n-Pentane has found use as an anesthetic an expl suppressant when mixed with a halogen-ated hydrocarbon and included in aircraft fuel (Ref 13) a jet engine fuel (Ref 16a) as a base for synthetic rubbers and plastics a parent compd for the formation of nitropentanes and azido nitro pentanes used as expls and propints (Refs 15a, 15b 21a) also, as a parent compd for fluorine-contg resin binders which impart both thermal stability and, in conjunction with metal hydrides, high impulse to solid propints (Ref 15b)... 

Purely aromatic ketones generally do not give satisfactory results pinacols and resinous products often predominate. The reduction of ketonic compounds of high molecular weight and very slight solubility is facilitated by the addition of a solvent, such as ethanol, acetic acid or dioxan, which is miscible with aqueous hydrochloric acid. With some carbonyl compounds, notably keto acids, poor yields are obtained even in the presence of ethanol, etc., and the difficulty has been ascribed to the formation of insoluble polymolecular reduction products, which coat the surface of the zinc. The adffition of a hydrocarbon solvent, such as toluene, is beneficial because it keeps most of the material out of contact with the zinc and the reduction occurs in the aqueous layer at such high dilution that polymolecular reactions are largdy inhibited (see Section IV,143). 

The extreme hazards involved in handling this highly reactive material are stressed. Freshly distilled material rapidly polymerises at ambient temperature to produce a gel and then a hard resin. These products can neither be distilled nor manipulated without explosions ranging from rapid decomposition to violent detonation. The hydrocarbon should be stored in the mixture with catalyst used to prepare it, and distilled out as required [1], The dangerously explosive gel is a peroxidic species not formed in absence of air, when some l,2-di(3-buten-l-ynyl)cyclobutane is produced by polymerisation [2], The dienyne reacts readily with atmospheric oxygen, forming an explosively unstable polymeric peroxide. Equipment used with it should be rinsed with a dilute solution of a polymerisation inhibitor to prevent formation of unstable residual films. Adequate shielding of operations is essential [3],... 

P-methoxypropionitrile (Fajen, 1985a), furfural and aqueous cuprous ammonium acetate (United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1990b). Stabilizers are commonly used to prevent formation of peroxides in air and polymerization. No information was available on these other exposures, or on exposures to chemicals other than butadiene that are produced in some facilities, such as butylenes, ethylene, propylene, polyethylene and polypropylene resins, methyl-tert-butyl ether and aromatic hydrocarbons (Fajen, 1985b,c). 

Solid Catalysts. Nafion-H is an active catalyst for acylation with aroyl halides and anhydrides.60,61 The reaction is carried out at the boiling point of the aromatic hydrocarbons. Yields with benzoyl chloride using 10-30% Nafion-H for benzene, toluene, and p-xylene are 14%, 85% and 82%, respectively. Attempted acylation with acetyl chloride, however, led to HC1 evolution and ketene formation. Nation resin-silica nanocomposite materials containing a dispersed form of the resin within silica exhibits significantly enhanced activity in Friedel-Crafts acylations.62,63... 

We should caution that the above concept of the genetic relationship between kerogens and asphaltenes differs from the more historic view that asphaltenes are condensation and/or alteration products of hydrocarbons and resins. Certainly, in some petroleum processing treatments and probably at higher maturation levels in nature, various reactions do form new products with asphaltene solubility characteristics. These new condensation products may be regarded as altered asphaltenes and intermediates in the coke or pyrobitumen formation process (62-64)- Contamination of original asphaltenes by subsequently formed or altered products, of course, will result in a less definitive correlation between an asphaltene and its source kerogen. 

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