Hydrocarbon resin solubility

Solubility Parameter. CompatibiHty between hydrocarbon resins and other components in an appHcation can be estimated by the Hildebrand solubiHty parameter (2). In order for materials to be mutually soluble, the free energy of mixing must be negative (3). The solubiHty of a hydrocarbon resin with other polymers or components in a system can be approximated by the similarities in the solubiHty parameters of the resin and the other materials. Tme solubiHty parameters are only available for simple compounds and solvents. However, parameters for more complex materials can be approximated by relative solubiHty comparisons with substances of known solubiHty parameter. 

Diverting agents assist in distributing acid more uniformly through the perforated formation interval (141). These are usually oil-soluble hydrocarbon resin particles. They may be dissolved by post-acid injection of xylene or similar solvents. Oil-soluble waxes, naphthalene, and solid organic acids such as benzoic acid have also been used (142). Best results are obtained using a broad range of particle sizes. 

For quality cured thermoset resins, approximately one percent of the mass is soluble when subjected to long-term leaching with tetrahydrofuran. Equilibrium is approached in two weeks resin swell is not visually noticeable. The monomeric, chemical structures are such that the hydrocarbon resins exhibit more pronounced viscoelastic properties whereas, the epoxy resins are similar to elastic bodies when subjected to tensile testing at room temperature. Therein, LRF 216 is less sensitive to flaws and is more nonlinear in tensile or compressive stress-strain analysis. 

Petroleum can be fractionated into four generic types of materials representing general chemical properties. These include saturated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, resins, and asphaltenes. The standard ASTM separation procedure (D2007) for isolating the asphaltenes and the other components in petroleum is based on solubility behavior and chromatography, as shown in Fig. 5. Commerically, many refineries utilize solvent separations to produce a solvent deasphalted oil which has lower impurity levels. 

In general, PVF resins are soluble in a limited number of solvents and in certain mixtures of alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons. The solubility of representative poly (vinyl formal) resins is as follows in single solvents, where S = soluble and I = insoluble ... 

Solubility, compatibility, and properties of all hydrocarbon resins can be improved by chemical modification and introduction in the chains of the needed polar or functional moieties, either during the synthesis of the resin or on the final product. The most important modified resins result from ... 

This property depends upon the structure of the acrylic resin. Most of the resins are soluble in moderately hydrogen-bonded solvents (e.g. ketones, esters, chlorinated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons). Resins with more alcohol chains have greater solubility in alcohols, aliphatic hydrocarbons and naphtha. 

In many applications of low molecular weight hydrocarbon resins, including flooring, adhesives, rubber compounds, inks, and coatings, the best performance is often associated with plasticizers that are marginal solvents rather than perfect ones. The difference between the resin parameter and the plasticizer parameter indicates the place of the system in the Flory-Huggins phase diagram. The separation of phases is responsible for the improved physical properties. While the difference of the parameters readily explains the behavior, the parameters for many industrial materials are not sufficiently well defined, and specific solubility tests must be used to control both resin and plasticizer. 

Tlhis study was made to reconcile the behavior of low molecular weight hydrocarbon resins and the behavior of their plasticizers with the solubility parameter and with the Flory-Huggins treatment of phase separation from polymer solutions. These resins are widely used industrially for coatings, floorings, adhesives, rubber compounds, and many other applications. Since they are usually hard and brittle, they are used with rubber, drying oils, plastics, or with plasticizers. 

Hildebrands solubility parameter (3) is the most useful index of the solubility of resins in solvents and plasticizers. With volatile materials it is derived from the change of vapor pressure with changes in temperature and can be measured very accurately. The parameter of the polymer is the same as that of its monomer. For many hydrocarbon resins, monomers may enter into the polymer, and the complete composition of the resin is not known. In such cases the solubility parameter is estimated from the range of the parameters of the solvents for the polymer. 

Parameters of Resins. Some of the manufacturers of the low molecular weight hydrocarbon resins have offered estimates (5, 6) of solubility parameters of some of their resins. These values have been established by determining the solvents (in one case at 50% solids) for the... 

The low molecular weight hydrocarbon resins have solubility parameter values in the range of 8.2 to 9.5. This might seem narrow, but the solubility behavior of the various resins is quite different and parameter values to the second decimal point are required in choosing a formulation. Usually a solubility test in specific solvents and a cloud point determination are needed for precise control. 

When the concept of limited compatibility was first suggested to explain the behavior of certain hydrocarbon resins, there was a general reluctance to accept it 30 years later there is less than general acceptance. The idea that the best plasticizer gives the best results persists. The solubility parameter indicates the merits of a plasticizer. In all applications of hydrocarbon resins the behavior of the system is measured by the difference of the solubility parameters of the resin and of the plasticizer. 

Solubility Contours of Hydrocarbon Resins, Pennsylvania Industrial... 

Like most other synthetic resins, epoxy resins have a limited tolerance for certain solvents. A 40% acetone solution can be prepared with an epoxy resin (mol wt 2900), but a 20% solution cannot. Acetone is not a true solvent because a true solvent provides infinite dilution of the resin. The dilution tolerance may be extended by adding alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons many such solvent mixtures have become established in epoxy resin based coatings. The study of alternate solvent mixtures has been systematized and simplified using epoxy resin solubility maps and ternary diagrams. 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES colorless to light-colored, viscous liquid mild hydrocarbon odor solubility in water is extremely low soluble in oils and organic solvents does not crystallize upon heating or cooling, but at a specific temperature, defined as a "pour point", changes into a resinous state MP (-19°C, -2.2°F)(pour point) BP (325-366 C, 617-691 F) DN (1.38 g/mL at 20°C) LSG (1.39 at 25°C) VS (data not available) VD (8.9) VP (0.001 mmHg at 20 C). 

In the majority of all emulsions, one of the phases is water, or an aqueous solution containing salts, soluble organic material, colloids, etc. This is also called the water phase. The other phase, the particles or droplets, is called the oil phase, even if it does not consist of oil. Many substances constitute the oil phase, all having one important common property namely, their insolubility in water. These may include hydrocarbons, resins, waxes, nitrocellulose, alkyds, rubber, vinyls and acrylics. They are referred to as "oil" since they behave in emulsions very much like oil. 

Chem. Descrip. Hydrocarbon resin derived from pure styrene monomer Uses Softener, primary plasticizer in hot-melts, adhesives, coatings, and rubber compd., food-pkg. and processing operations Features Low m.w. nonpolar thermoplastic resin offering It. color, and solubility, and wide compatibility... 

Low-cost hydrocarbon solvents are often added to these coatings as diluent solvents. The excellent solvency of the glycol ethers allow high hydrocarbon dilution while still maintaining resin solubility. The use of glycol ethers also help prevent film defects such as moisture and resin blush, pinholes, orange peel, and film cracking. 

FIGURE A 3.24 Solubility of a low-molecular-weight hydrocarbon resin (Regalrez 1094 Eastman). Data kindly provided by Dr Greg Smith and Classes of2009, 2010 and 2011 of the Art Conservation Department at Buffalo State College. 

Solubility Contours for Hydrocarbon Resins, Pennsylvania Industrial Chemical Corp., 120 State St., Clairton, Pa. 15025. 

It can be seen firom the above that aromatic hydrocarbons have solubility parameters nearer to those of acrylic polymers than those of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Thus, it is not surprising that aromatic hydrocarbons are generally better solvents for acrylic resins than aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

Tetrahydronaphthalene [119-64-2] (Tetralin) is a water-white Hquid that is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and completely soluble in other monohydric alcohols, ethyl ether, and most other organic solvents. It is a powerhil solvent for oils, resins, waxes, mbber, asphalt, and aromatic hydrocarbons, eg, naphthalene and anthracene. Its high flash point and low vapor pressure make it usehil in the manufacture of paints, lacquers, and varnishes for cleaning printing ink from rollers and type in the manufacture of shoe creams and floor waxes as a solvent in the textile industry and for the removal of naphthalene deposits in gas-distribution systems (25). The commercial product typically has a tetrahydronaphthalene content of >97 wt%, with some decahydronaphthalene and naphthalene as the principal impurities. 

At room temperature, HDPE is not soluble in any known solvent, but at a temperature above 80—100°C, most HDPE resins dissolve in some aromatic, aflphatic, and halogenated hydrocarbons. The solvents most frequently used for HDPE dissolution are xylenes, tetralin, decalin 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,4-ttichlorobenzene. 

Highly branched fractions of nonuniformly branched resins have low molecular weights and are easily soluble, even at room temperature, in saturated hydrocarbons. These highly branched fractions are called extractables, an excessive amount of which in an LLDPE resin can be detrimental to certain end use properties, especially in food packaging appHcations. 

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