Detergent alkylates manufacture

About 2% of benzene consumed in 1988 was used for the manufacture of straight-chain or branched-chain detergent alkylate. Linear alkane sulfonates (LAS) are widely used as household and laundry detergents. 

Aluminium chloride Resin manufacture by polymerization of low molecular-weight hydrocarbons Friedel-Crafts reactions to manufacture detergent alkylate, agrochemicals, drugs Irritation due to formation of HCI with moisture... 

Typical properties of detergent alkylate are shown in Table 10-2. Detergent manufacturers buy linear alkylbenzene, sulfonate it with SO3, and then neutralize it with NaOH to produce linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LABS), the active ingredient in detergents ... 

Detal [Detergent alkylation] A process for making detergent alkylate, i.e., alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons such as linear alkyl benzenes, as intermediates for the manufacture of detergents, by reacting C10-C13 olefins with benzene in a fixed bed of an acid catalyst. Developed by UOP and CEPSA as a replacement for their Detergent Alkylate process, which uses liquid hydrogen fluoride as the catalyst. Demonstrated in a pilot plant in 1991 and first commercialized in Canada in 1996. Offered by UOP. 

One of the most common examples of an electrophilic aromatic substitution is Friedel-Crafts alkylation [40], These days, many important industrial processes are based on this type of Friedel-Crafts-chemistry [41]. The manufacture of high-octane gasoline, ethylbenzene, synthetic rubber, plastics and detergent alkylates are examples. Moreover, the Friedel-Crafts alkylation is among the most fundamental and convenient processes for C—C bond formation on arenes, especially for the synthesis of fine chemicals and agrochemicals containing functionalized arenes and heteroarenes. 

The production of LAB involves the liquid-phase alkylation of benzene with linear monoolefins or alkyl chlorides. Liquid HF is used as catalyst for linear monoolefins. And the A1C13 is used as the catalyst for alkyl chlorides. Nowadays, acidic zeolite catalyst is used for olefin alkylation which generates less waste and reduces manufacture cost. The alkylate is then sulfonated to produce linear alkylbenzene sulfonate for biodegradable detergents. The manufacture of detergents is described in detail in Chapter 27. 

The subject of this entry relates to the manufacture of linear alkylbenzene (LAB), commercially known as detergent alkylate. It is one of the primary surfactant raw materials for the production of household, laundry, dishwashing, and other surfactants. 

It has now been many years since all active substances in detergents were condemned one right after the other. First it was alkyl benzene sulfonates because they foamed. This was followed by sodium tripolyphosphate because it is a nutrient, and then NTA as a result of ignorance and bad data. Within ten years of their introduction the finest detergents ever manufactured were under mortal attack. Before the phosphate detergents there were no satisfactory automatic washing machines. 

Some of the most widely used detergents are manufactured by sulfonation of long chain alkylaryl hydrocarbons 28 and the resultant sodium alkylbenzenesulfo-nates 29 are important anionic surfactants. The alkyl group (R) must be highly lipophilic to dissolve oils and fats the formation of the detergents 29 is shown (Equation 1), (Chapter 6, ref 33). 

Nonionic Surface-Active Agents. Approximately 14% of the ethyleae oxide consumed ia the United States is used in the manufacture of nonionic surfactants. These are derived by addition of ethylene oxide to fatty alcohols, alkylphenols (qv), tall oil, alkyl mercaptans, and various polyols such as poly(propylene glycol), sorbitol, mannitol, and cellulose. They are used in household detergent formulations, industrial surfactant appHcations, in emulsion polymeri2ation, textiles, paper manufacturing and recycling, and for many other appHcations (281). 

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