Hydrocarbons carboxylation

As regards organic contaminants, leachates from semi-coke contain compounds such as phenols, for example, cresols, resorcinols, and xylenols, which occur at mg/L concentrations. Indeed, Kahru et al. (2002) found total phenols at concentrations up to 380 mg/L in semi-coke dump leachates. Phenols also volatilize from such leachates, depending on temperature and pH (Kundel Liblik 2000). Atmospheric phenol concentrations of 4-50 xg/m3 have been observed in the proximity of leachate ponds (Koel 1999). Generally, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, and organo-nitro and organo-sulpho compounds do not occur at elevated concentrations in leachates from Estonian semi-coke (Koel 1999). 

Other organic compounds that have been determined in waste waters include petroleum hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, aliphatic and aromatic chlorocompounds and phenoxyacetic acid herbicides. See Table 15.14. 

Gas chromatography has been applied to the determination of a wide range of organic compounds in trade effluents including the following types of compounds which are reviewed in Table 15.15 aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids aldehydes, non ionic surfactants (alkyl ethoxylated type) phenols monosaccharides chlorinated aliphatics and haloforms polychlorobiphenyls chlorlignosulphonates aliphatic and aromatic amines benzidine chloroanilines chloronitroanilines nitrocompounds nitrosamines dimethylformamide diethanolamine nitriloacetic acid pyridine pyridazinones substituted pyrrolidones alkyl hydantoins alkyl sulphides dialkyl suphides dithiocaibamate insecticides triazine herbicides and miscellaneous organic compounds. 

Solvent Resistance. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is virtually unaffected by hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid esters, greases, and animal or vegetable oils. Resistance to oiganic solvents increases with increasing hydrolysis. This resistance has promoted the use of PVA in the manufacture of gloves for use when handling oiganic solvents (73). 

Infrared Spectroscopy (ir). Infrared curves are used to identify the chemical functionality of waxes. Petroleum waxes with only hydrocarbon functionality show slight differences based on crystaUinity, while vegetable and insect waxes contain hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alcohols, and esters. The it curves are typically used in combination with other analytical methods such as dsc or gc/gpc to characterize waxes. 

Momany, F.A., L.M. Carruthers, R.F. McGuire, and H.A. Scheraga, Intermolecular Potentials for Application to the Packing Configuration and Lattice Energies in Crystals of Hydrocarbons, Carboxylic Acids, Amines and Amides, J. Phys. Chem. 7.S.-1595 (1974). 

The use of conventional procedures for the analysis of bitumens has led mainly to the identification of hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids and porphyrins due to the ease with which these classes of compounds can be isolated. 

Common functional groups in organic chemistry include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, amines. 

R Hydrocarbons, carboxylic adds,esters. ethers, alcohols, ketones, amines, mixed classes with functional groups. Regression equations primarily for monofunctional chemical classes. 

After carbonate removal using 6N HCl the samples were extracted with chloroform and methanol (1 1) (Fig. 1 Simoneit et al., 1981). Extract concentrates were separated by TLC on silica gel after esterification of the carboxylic acids (Fig. 1). Fractions corresponding to hydrocarbons, carboxylic acid esters, ketones and polar compounds were isolated for instrumental analysis (Simoneit et al., 1981). The amounts of material in the hydrocarbon, ester, and ketone fractions from the TLC separations were determined by weighing replicate aliquots of a few microliters each on a Cahn microbalance and, after averaging, calculating the yields. 

Solvents Esters, ketones, aromatics, halogenated hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alcohols,... 

The pathways delineated in the preceding paragraph are probably also important in the decomposition of long-chain hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, fats, oils, and even long-chain polymers [103-105]. In the latter case, we have direct infrared evidence that the hydrocarbon chains can be attacked at any point along their length, with C—C bond scission, presumably with subsequent degradation... 

Protein Humidity/water content Hydrocarbons Carboxylic acids Amines Oil/fat Sucrose/glucose Additives in fuels Density Digestibility Viscosity Motor fuel octane number Reid vapor pressure of gasoline Seed germination Distillation parameters Fruit ripeness Total dissolved solids Particle size/fiber diameter Temperature Mechanical properties Thermal and mechanical pretreatment Molar masses of polymers... 

The electrochemical fluorination of the corresponding hydrocarbon carboxylic acid fluorides or chlorides follows the general reaction scheme ... 

Cobalt acetate bromide is a very active catalyst for the aut-oxidation of hydrocarbons. Carboxylic acids and ketones can be readily prepared in high yield at moderate temperature and atmospheric pressure . 

Cobalt acetate bromide in acetic acid soln. is a very active catalyst for the autoxidation of hydrocarbons. Carboxylic acids and ketones are readily prepared in high yield at moderate temp, and atmospheric pressure.—E Og bubbled at 90 with initial external heating through a vigorously stirred mixture of o-bromotoluene, cobaltous acetate, HBr, and acetic acid until the Og is no longer absorbed after 2 hrs. o-bromobenzoic acid. Y 91%. F. e. and reactions s. A. S. Hay and H. S. Blanchard, Can. J. Chem. A3, 1306 (1965). 

Ionic compounds are usually scarcely soluble, but covalent compounds such as hydrogen halides and many organic compounds are soluble. Examples are hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, acid chlorides, nitriles, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, amines and nitrocompounds, but the conductivities of their solutions are very small. Many acceptor halides such as those of aluminium, titanium(IV), tin(IV), phosphorus(V), arsenic(III) and bismuth(III) as well as ferric chloride show reasonable solubilities due to interaction with liquid hydrogen sulphide. Solvates of AICI3, AlBrs, TiCl4, SnCU, BCI3 and others have been described . 

IC-MS has also been applied for the characterization of ionic liquids (IL) and for the investigation of their long-term stability under process-like conditions. The term ionic liquid commonly refers to a class of molten salts that are by definition liquid below 100 °C. They usually consist of bulky organic cations such as alkylated imidazole, pyrrole, or pyridine derivatives, or quatemized alkyl amines and alkyl phosphines. Common counterions are halides, alkyl sulfates, fluorinated hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, or amino acids [268]. The physical and chemical properties of ILs are customizable by different cation-anion combinations and by the length of the alkyl chain of the cation. Depending on the... 

Free radicals are strongly implicated in the aging process. Cell membranes, which are made up of long-chain hydrocarbon carboxylic acids called fatty acids, are particularly vulnerable to oxidation through free radical attack. Once a cell s membrane has been oxidized, the cell is damaged. In time, the immune system comes to... 

Most major classes of isopentenoids have been reported in sediments (54). They exist with various functionalities, occurring as saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and as polyfunctional components. Many are components directly biosynthesized by organisms, whereas others are formed by microbial or geological processes in the sediment subsurface. 

Oil-soluble Water-soluble hydrocarbon carboxylate "head" "tail"... 

Momany, F.A., Carruthers, L.M., McGuire, R.F., and Scheraga, H.A., 1974, Intermolecular Potentials from crystal data. III. Determination of empirical potentials and application to the packing configurations and lattice energies in crystals of hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, amines, and amides, J. Phys. Chem., 78 1595. 

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