Hydride inductively coupled plasma

Numerous methods have been pubUshed for the determination of trace amounts of tellurium (33—42). Instmmental analytical methods (qv) used to determine trace amounts of tellurium include atomic absorption spectrometry, flame, graphite furnace, and hydride generation inductively coupled argon plasma optical emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry neutron activation analysis and spectrophotometry (see Mass spectrometry Spectroscopy, optical). Other instmmental methods include polarography, potentiometry, emission spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray fluorescence. 

Method abbreviations D-AT-FAAS (derivative flame AAS with atom trapping), ETAAS (electrothermal AAS), GC (gas chromatography), HGAAS (hydride generation AAS), HR-ICP-MS (high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), TXRF (total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry), Q-ICP-MS (quadrapole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)... 

Creed et al. [68] described a hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric method featuring a tubular membrane gas-liquid separator for the determination of down to 100 pg of arsenic in seawater. 

Klane and Blum [69] showed that inductively coupled plasma spectrometry was able to determine below 1000 ng/1 of arsenic in seawater. Ion exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been used to determine several arsenic species in seawater [ 947 ]. Down to 3 ng/1 arsenic can be determined using hydride generation prior to this technique. 

It has been reported that the differential determination of arsenic [36-41] and also antimony [42,43] is possible by hydride generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The HGA-AS is a simple and sensitive method for the determination of elements which form gaseous hydrides [35,44-47] and mg/1 levels of these elements can be determined with high precision by this method. This technique has also been applied to analyses of various samples, utilising automated methods [48-50] and combining various kinds of detection methods, such as gas chromatography [51], atomic fluorescence spectrometry [52,53], and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry [47]. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry... 

Brzezinska-Paudyn et al. [124] compared results obtained in determinations of arsenic by conventional atomic emission spectrometry, flow-injection/hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic... 

These workers used an ARC 34000 inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer with flow-injection hydride generation. The 189.04nm line (3nd order) was used for arsenic measurement. The flow-injection block and Buckler peristaltic pump, as described by Liversage et al. [125] were also used for the determination of arsenic by hydride generation. 

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric analysis with flow-injection/hydride generation... 

These methods were used to determine arsenic in certified sediments (Table 12.15). Conventional inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is satisfactory for all types of samples, but its usefulness was limited to concentrations of arsenic greater than 5pg g-1 dry weight. Better detection limits were achieved using the flow-injection-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma technique in which a coefficient of variation of about 2% for concentrations of lOpg g 1 were achieved. 

All four dissolution procedures studied were found to be suitable for arsenic determinations in biological marine samples, but only one (potassium hydroxide fusion) yielded accurate results for antimony in marine sediments and only two (sodium hydroxide fusion or a nitricperchloric-hydrofluoric acid digestion in sealed Teflon vessels) were appropriate for determination of selenium in marine sediments. Thus, the development of a single procedure for the simultaneous determination of arsenic, antimony and selenium (and perhaps other hydride-forming elements) in marine materials by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry requires careful consideration not only of the oxidation-reduction chemistry of these elements and its influence on the hydride generation process but also of the chemistry of dissolution of these elements. 

Rouxel O, Ludden J, Carginan J, Marin L, Fouquet Y (2002) Natural variations of Se isotopic composition determined by hydride generation multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66(18) 3191-3199... 

Various efficient devices have been utilized for sample introduction into an inductive plasma source, for example the application of several nebulizers, hyphenated techniques, hydride generation, laser ablation and electrothermal vaporization. The role of the solution introduction system in an inductively coupled plasma source is to convert the liquid sample into a suitable form (e.g.,... 

Hydride Generation and Cold Vapour Technique Coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Source... 

N. Carrion, M. Murillo, E. Montiel and D. Diaz, Development of a direct hydride generation nebuliser for the determination of selenium by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 58(8), 2003, 1375-1389. 

N. Etxebarria, R. Antolin, G. Borge, T. Posada and J. C. Raposo, Optimisation of flow-injection-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma spectrometric determination of selenium in electrolytic manganese, Talanta, 65(5), 2005, 1209-1214. 

An ANN was used by Magallanes et al. [66] to optimise hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) coupling for the determination of Ge at trace levels. 

Crain, J. S. and Alvarado, J., Hydride interference on the determination of minor actinide isotopes by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,. /. Anal. At. Spectrom., 9, 1223-1227, 1994. 

In an interlab oratory study involving 160 accredited hazardous materials laboratories reported by Kimbrough and Wakakuwa [28], each laboratory performed a mineral acid digestion on five soils spiked with arsenic, cadmium, molybdenum, selenium and thallium. Analysis of extracts was carried out by atomic emission spectrometry, inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have both been combined with the introduction of hydride generation into inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation determination of arsenic in soils [36]. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been used to determine arsenic in soils. This technique was found to greatly reduce sample preparation time [38]. 

Martens et al. [202] and McCurdy et al. [203] have employed hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, respectively, to determine selenium in soils. 

Hydride generation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [75], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [76], gas chro-... 

Olson, L.K., Vela, N.P. and Caruso, J.A. (1995) Hydride generation, electrothermal vaporisation and liquid-chromatography as sample introduction techniques for inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B, 50, 1095-1108. 

Rivaro, P., Zaratin, L., Frache, R. and Mazzucotelli, A. (1995) Determination of organotin compounds in marine mussel samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analyst, 120, 1937-1939. 

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