Hybrid membranes desalination

Basri, H., Ismail, A. R, and Aziz, M. 2012. Microstructure and anti-adhesion properties of PES/TAP/Ag hybrid ultrafiltration membrane. Desalination 287 11-11. 

Of aU the major membrane processes, RO/NF separation is the most complex both in terms of operation and controls [43]. RO (and NF) membrane systems operate in a continuous mode with minimum or no recycle. RO desalination plants can be generally quite large (see Table 3.5) for example the largest seawater RO desalination plant in Sorek, Israel has a capacity 150 million m /year. Further, for hybrid membrane systems the process control becomes even more complex. RO/NF plants require different levels of process control depending upon the quality of feed water supplied and product water quality requirements. 

Membrane Distillation (MD) is an emerging hybrid thermal-membrane desalination process that uses a vapor pressure differenee, ereated by a temperature gradient aeross a hydrophobie membrane, as the driving foree to produce high quality distilled water (Figure 1) [3], A temperature difference as low as 10°C between the warm and eold streams is suffieient to produce distilled water under the right conditions. 

Turek M (2002), Seawater desahnation and salt production in a hybrid membrane-thermal process . Desalination, 153,173-177. 

Esteves lAAC, Mota JPB (2002) Simulation of a new hybrid membrane/pressure swing adsorption process for gas separation. Desalination 148 275-280... 

He, Z., Pinnau, I., and Morisato, A. (2002). Nanostructured poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne)/silica hybrid membranes for gas separation. Desalination 146(1-3), 11-15. 

Curdo, S., Calabro, V., lorio, G., Reduction and control of flux decline in cross-flow membrane processes modeled by artifidal neural networks and hybrid systems. Desalination, 2009,236(1-3), 234-243. 

Hybrid supramolecular dynamic membranes as selective information transfer devices. Desalination, 199, 521-522. 

In conclusion, a greater knowledge of the effect of the key controlling parameters of this powerful separation technique, as well as improvement in membrane life time of the currently available commercial electromembranes and reduction in their costs, would ensure further growth beyond desalination and salt production and foster ED applications in the food sector, as well as in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and municipal effluent treatment areas. This will of course need extensive R D studies and will highly likely result in hybrid processes combining ED to other separation techniques, such as NF, IE, and so on, so as to shorten present downstream and refining procedures. 

Lisitzin, D., Hasson, D. and Semiat, R.(June 2006) Membrane crystallizer for increased desalination recovery, ECI -Advanced Membranes Technology III. Membrane Engineering for Process Intensification, Cetraro, Calabria, Italy. Awerbuch, L. (1997) Dual purpose power desalination/hybrid systems/energy and economics. IDA Desalination Seminar, Cairo, Egypt. 

Cazacu A, Michau M, Arnal-Herault C, Pasc-Banu A, Meffre A, Caraballo R, Pasc A, Barboiu M. Hybrid supramolecular dynamic membranes as selective information transfer devices. Desalination 2006 199 521-522. 

Howell JA. Future of membranes and membrane reactors in green technologies and for water reuse. Desalination, 2004 162(10) 1-11. Noronha M, Britz T, Mavrov V, Janke HD, and Chmiel H. Treatment of spent process water from a fruit juice company for purposes of reuse Hybrid process concept and on-site test operation of a pilot plant. Desalination, 2002 143(2) 183-196. 

Grebenuyak VD, Cheborateva RD, Linkov NA, and Linkov VM. Electro membrane extraction of Zn from Na-containing solutions using hybrid electrodialysis—ion exchange method. Desalination 1998 115 255-263. 

Kislik V, Eyal A. Heavy metals removal from wastewaters of phosphoric acid production. A comparison of hybrid liquid membrane (HLM) and aqueous hybrid liquid membrane (AHLM) technologies. In Proceedings of Conference on Membranes in Drinking and Industrial Water Production, Paris, France, 2000 Desalination Publications, Italy, 2000 Vol. I 503-514. 

Hybrid processes are also being considered more seriously than ever [84]. There are hybrid processes, such as pretreatment by UF and NF to provide RO feedwater and RO treatment of boiler water for the distillation process, and those are already in practice. Combining RO with the emerging membrane separation processes such as MD and forward osmosis (FO) will become more important to decrease the amount of effluent from the RO desalination plant. As drinking water production by the desalination of seawater and brackish water increases, iuCTease in the quantity of salty RO effluent will become more of environmental concern. The RO hybrid process with MD and FO may become the answer to solve the problem. 

R. Rautenbach and R. Mellis, Hybrid processes involving membranes for the treatment of highly organic/inorganic contaminated waste water. Desalination, 101 (1995) 105-113. 

B. Schlichter, V. Mavrov and H. Chmiel, Study of a hybrid process combination ozonation and membrane filtration — filtration of model solution, Desalination, 156 (2003) 257-265. 

Membrane Distillation (MD) is a hybrid thermal-membrane process that could be applied in produced water volume reduction applications while simultaneously augmenting sustainable water production in Qatar. A consortium of ConocoPhillips - Global Water Sustainability Center (GWSC), Qatar University (QU) and Qatar Electricity Water Company (QEWC), was formed to assess the suitability of MD to treat high salinity brines from thermal desalination plants similar salinity levels could be found in produced water. The pilot scale results showed that MD could operate at 50% recovery and achieve a stable flux of 5 L/(m. h) at when treating thermal brine at 70,000 mg/L TDS. The effluent produced contained < 10 mg/L TDS. 

Chin S S, Lim T M, Chiang K and Fane A G (2007a), Hybrid low-pressure submerged membrane photoreactor for the removal of bisphenol A , Desalination, 202,253-261. 

Shon H K, Phuntsho S and Vigneswaran S (2008), Effect of photocatalysis on the membrane hybrid system for wastewater treatment . Desalination, 225, 235-248. 

The RO desalination plant realized in Ashkelon (Israel) uses a combination of seawater and brackish water RO membranes to reduce boron concentration in the produced water. In the hybrid process designed by Busch et al (2003), the permeate from a seawater RO membrane is treated by a boron selective ion-exchange resin, achieving a reduction of the boron concentration of more than 99% while other ion concentrations are kept constant. This... 

Shin, I, Sang, B., Chung, Y. and Choung, Y. 2005. The removal of nitrogen using an autotrophic hybrid hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor. Desalination, 183, 447 54. 

Fontananova, E., DrioU, E., Donato, L., etal. (2006). Hybrid Photocatalytic Membranes Embedding Decatungstate for Heterogeneous Photooxydation, Desalination, 200, pp. 705-707. 

Patil, M. B., Veerapur, R. S., Bhat, S. D., Madhnsoodana, C. D., and Aminabhavi, T. M. 2009. Hybrid composite membranes of sodium alginate for pervaporation dehydration of 1,4-dioxane and tetrahydrofuran. Desalination Water Treat. 3 11-20. 

P. Wang and T.S. Chung. (2012). A conceptual demonstration of freeze desahnation-membrane distillation (FD-MD) hybrid desalination process utilizing liquefied natural gas (LNG) cold energy. Water Res. 46 4037-4052. 

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