Humectants examples

Ultraviolet curable humectants have been described that may reduce the drying time of a printed image in comparison to non-curable humectants. Examples of such materials are polyethylene glycol diacrylates or highly ethoxylated derivatives of trimethylol propane triacrylate and bisphenol A diacrylate, cf. Figure 3.9. These compounds are used in combination with common photopolymerization initiators. 

The abihty to moisturize the stratum corneum has also been claimed for the presence of certain hydrophilic polymers, for example, guar hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride [65497-29-2] on the skin. By far the most popular way to moisturize skin is with humectants, some of which are Hsted in Table 12. It is claimed that humectants attract water from the environment and thereby provide moisture to the skin. 

Gels. Amorphous hydrated silicas of a purity and stmcture typical of those used ia type 1 dentifrices and the liquid portion (humectant system) of type 1 dentifrices both have approximately the same refractive iadex, ie, about 1.47. As a result, the type 1 dentifrices represented ia Table 1 are inherently transparent or translucent. In the marketplace it has become popular to refer to such dentifrices as gels. For marketing reasons some companies have chosen to opacify these products, with titanium dioxide, for example. The opacified products are identical ia functionality, stmcture, and all other ways, except opacity, to their translucent or transparent counterparts. 

An oral dental riase geaeraHy coasists of water, alcohol, a humectant, an emulsifier, flavor, color, and an active agent. Water is the primary vehicle. The alcohol provides bite and is also a formulation aid. The humectant improves the feel ia the mouth and also prevents locking of the cap to the container between uses glycerin or noncrystaUiziag sorbitol may be satisfactory. The emulsifier is a nonionic type, for example, a polyoxyethylene—polyoxypropylene block copolymer or a polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester. Flavors are generally a type of mint or cinnamon. Colors are FD C or D C. 

Hull cell PHYS CHEM An electrodeposition cell that operates within a simultaneous range of known current densities. hoi, sel humectant chem A substance which absorbs or retains moisture examples are glycerol, propylene glycol, and sorbitol used in preparing confectioneries and dried fruit. hyu mek-tont ... 

The typical properties assigned to cosmetic products include skin moisturization, emolhency and spreadability and coadjuvants to help maintain skin pliability and softness (57). Moisturization is usually considered to be simply occlusivity and humectancy. The role of cosmetics, especially lipid cosmetics besides moisturization, has expanded to multiple effects such as modulation of barrier function, increasing comeodesmolysis and facilitating comeocyte envelope maturation. Specific examples of lipids of interest are listed in Table 2. Examples of lipids used in cosmetics include products derived from olive oil, shea butter oil, mango kernel oil, borage oil, nut oils, and palm and coconut oils. 

Many of today s new, brushless, surgical antisepsis formulations described earlier in this chapter seek to combine the substantial antimicrobial benefits of alchohol with some other antimicrobial ingredient or other technology that provides persistant antimicrobial action in the stratum corneum. Some of these formulations also include emollients to reduce the drying effect of alcohol, and some also contain surfactants that allow the product to be used in combination with water to remove dirt and debris, as well as to provide a source of moisture that can be trapped and retained by humectants and emollients. Table 1 provides some examples of commercial surgical hand antisepsis products that have been marketed for use without a brush. 

A second, more popular type of moisturizer works by attracting water from the air and skin. These products form a water-rich layer that adheres to the skin without giving it a greasy feel. The substances that attract water are called hu-mectants, and are compounds capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water. Some examples of humectants used in... 

Examples of humectants are summarized in Table 3.10 and in Figure 3.8. Tetramethylene sulfone in Table 3.10 is also known as sulfolane. 

Surfactant level varies from 10-15% in low-priced bars to 20-30% in premium bars. Where a combination of surfactants is used, as in the Philippines, typically a mixture of alcohol sulfate and LAS is used in a ratio of 50 50-85 15. Bars containing only AS as the surfactant are very brittle and need a high amount of humectants such as glycerine or addition of hydrotropes to reduce the brittleness. STPP/TSPP level ranges from 0-3% in low-priced bars to 15-30% in premium bars. The moisture level in the bars varies from 3 to 12%, carbonates typically from 10 to 25%, and fillers such as calcite, talc, and clay fill the rest of the formulation. Because the presence of free water in the bars can lead to mushiness during production or use, a variety of desiccants and adsorbent materials have also been added to bars to control the moisture. Examples include phosphorous pentoxide, sulfuric acid, boric acid, and calcium oxide as well as a variety of clays. 

The literature in this field is replete with a wide variety of model systems using for example cellulose, or silica, or amylopectin as solid supports, extruded mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty acids and esters with pure proteins, in the presence of humectants (to control moisture content) such as glycerol, or dextran as water-binding agent. Studies with such model systems are inherently problematic, because they do not simulate real foods where oxidation is naturally inhibited by the separation of lipids from catalysts in different cellular compartments. There is a serious lack of knowledge on the interactions of oxidized lipids and proteins in complex foods. 

For (i ,/ )-form see Threitol, T-100. Opt. inactive (meso-) some derivs. may be chiral (see for example 5-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-l,3-dioxane-4-methanol, H-193). Found in a variety of algae, lichens and fungi. Prod, by Protococcus vulgaris, Trentepohlia iolithus and Aspergillus terreus. Bulk sweetener with good taste props. Also thickenei stabiliser, humectant, etc. in food. Cryst. (MeOH). Mp 121.5°. Bp 329-331° Bpjoo 294-296°. Sweetness ca. 0.7 x sucrose. 

Water easily evaporates from warm skin. Due to evaporation a cutaneous preparation looses its characteristics. To prevent water loss humectants are added. Humectants are non-volatile solvents that prevent water loss during storage as well as after application to the skin. Examples are propylene glycol, glycerol 85 % and sorbitol 70 %. Humectants are often used in cutaneous suspensions, hydrophilic creams and hydrogels. 

Salicylic acid, erythromycin and calcium gluconate are incompatible with carbomer gels and may be formulated with a hypromellose gel. An alcoholic gel of erythromycin (Table 12.36) for example is based on a mixture of ethanol, glycerol 85 % and water thickened with hypromellose. For stability of erythromycin, citric acid is used to adjust pH to 8-8.5. Glycerol 85 % functions as humectant. 

To illustrate randomized block designs, consider the following example an experiment is conducted to test the effectiveness of two humectants (wetting agents) on the operation of impressed current cathodic protection systems on reinforced concrete bridges. There are 120 reinforced... 

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