Antimicrobial ingredient

A skin wound cleanser is a nonirritating, Hquid preparation (or product to be used with water) that assists in the removal of foreign material from small superficial wounds, does not delay wound healing, and may contain an antimicrobial ingredient. 

A. Sensory impact of novel antimicrobial ingredients in packaging systems... 

Healthcare personnel handwashes on the market today are predominantly liquid detergent formulations with sufficient active antimicrobial ingredient levels to achieve targeted organism reductions in both in vitro and in vivo tests as specified in the 1978 TFM. The most commonly used active ingredients are PCMX (0.24-3.75%) and triclosan (up to 1%) [58], Formulations are typically optimized systems rather than plain soap to which an antimicrobial agent has been added. 

The iodophors and alcohol as well as many popular antimicrobial ingredients were included in the OTC Review, and chlorhexidine was not. If effective-... 

Many of today s new, brushless, surgical antisepsis formulations described earlier in this chapter seek to combine the substantial antimicrobial benefits of alchohol with some other antimicrobial ingredient or other technology that provides persistant antimicrobial action in the stratum corneum. Some of these formulations also include emollients to reduce the drying effect of alcohol, and some also contain surfactants that allow the product to be used in combination with water to remove dirt and debris, as well as to provide a source of moisture that can be trapped and retained by humectants and emollients. Table 1 provides some examples of commercial surgical hand antisepsis products that have been marketed for use without a brush. 

One of the present trends in implantable applications requires materials that are derived from nature (Khor and Lim, 2003). Many antimicrobial ingredients derived from natural sources are very attractive because of their safety, biocompatibihty, and environmentally friendly properties (biodegradability). In addition, it is shown that these materials better promote healing at a faster rate and are expected to exhibit greatCT compatibility with humans. Among many other candidates for biomaterials available from nature are polysaccharides. 

Techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction are usually employed to improve the selectivity of analytical techniques and, specially, for removing the matrix (e.g., antimicrobial ingredients have been extracted from deodorant by liquid-liquid partition with n-hexane/H20 before gas chromatographic determination). 

Minimization of risk may be achieved by two different approaches. On one hand, the product stability or susceptibility may be increased or decreased. Processing a less susceptible product does mean reacting on a possibly inadequate level of hygiene to avoid the consequences. Increased levels of toxic or antimicrobial ingredients (e.g. ethanol, carbon dioxide, hop bitter acids) may be a possibility, or the use of food-grade preservatives such as dimethyldicarbonate or derivates of sorbate and benzoate. 

Some antimicrobial ingredients are vulnerable to UV radiation when subject to prolonged outdoor exposure. 

The broadness of the spectrum of effectiveness is noteworthy. The a.m. mixture of morpholine derivatives is distinguished by high solubility in non-polar solvents, an advantage which is of value, when the mixture has to be incorporated into oil concentrates (e.g. lubricoolants) as an antimicrobial ingredient that is effective as a preservative in the emulsions prepared later out of such oil concentrates in water. It is recommended to establish concentrations between 500 and 1000 ppm of a.i. in such emulsions for a good protection against microbial deterioration. 

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