Solid human urine

D. BaiTon, J. Barbosa, J. A. Pascual and J. Segura, Dkect deteimination of anabolic steroids in human urine by online solid-phase extraction/liquid cliromatography/mass specti ometi y , 7. Mass Spectrom. 31 309-319 (1996). 

Chiaia AC, Banta-Green C, Field J (2008) Eliminating solid phase extraction with large-volume injection LC/MS/MS analysis of illicit and legal drags and human urine indicators in US wastewaters. Environ Sci Technol 42(23) 8841-8848... 

A new technique has been developed to analyze a- and (3-endosulfan concentrations in human urine (Vidal et al. 1998). Samples are mixed with a buffer solution and then passed through solid phase extraction cartridges for analysis using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). 

Of all the elements, phosphorus is the only one that was first isolated from a human source. The element was extracted from human urine in 1669 using an unsavory process After a sample of urine was allowed to stand for several days, the putrefied liquid was boiled until only a paste remained. Further heating of the paste at high temperature produced a gas that condensed to a waxy white solid when the vapor was bubbled into water. It wasn t until 1779 that phosphorus was discovered in mineral form, as a component of phosphate minerals. 

Kato K. et al., 2003. Determination of three phthalate metabolites in human urine using online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B 788 407. 

Brimer L, Rosling H. 1993. Microdiffusion method with solid state detection of cyanogenic glycosides from cassava in human urine. Food Chem Toxicol 31(8) 599-603. 

J.M. Pozzebon, S.C.N. Queiroz, L.F.C. Melo, M.A.Kapor and I.C.S.F. Jardim, Application of new high-performance liquid chromatography and solid-phase extraction materials to the analysis of pesticides in human urine. J. Chromatogr.A 987 (2003) 381-387. 

Rule G, Henion J. 1999. High-throughput sample preparation and analysis using 96-weU membrane solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of steroids in human urine. J Am... 

Watson DG, Oliviera EJ. Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of kaempferol and quercetin in human urine after consumption of Ginkgo biloba tablets. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1999 723 203-210. 

The applicability of the APCI interface is restricted to the analysis of compounds with lower polarity and lower molecular mass compared with ESP and ISP. An early demonstration of the potential of the APCI interface is the LC-APCI-MS-MS analysis of phenylbutazone and two of its metabolites in plasma and urine (128). Other applications include the LC-APCI-MS analysis of steroids in equine and human urine and plasma (129-131), the determination of six sulfonamides in milk samples after a simple solid-phase extraction and LC separation (132), of tetracyclines in muscle at the 100 ppb level (133), of fenbendazole, oxfendazole, and the sulfone metabolite in muscle at the 10 ppb level, and of five thyreostats in thyroid tissue at the 1 ppm level (134). 

Nichkova, M. and M.R Marco. 2005. Development and evaluation of C18 and immunosorbent solid-phase extraction methods prior to immunochemical analysis of chlorophenols in human urine. Anal. Chim. Acta 533 67-82. 

Robandt PV, Klette KL, Sibum M (2009) Automated solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of 1 l-nor-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-car-boxylic acid in human urine specimens application to a high-throughput urine analysis laboratory. J Anal Toxicol 33(8) 456 f60... 

J.V. Wooten, D.L. Ashley and A.M. Calafat, Quantitation of 2-chlorovinylarsonous acid in human urine by automated solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., B, 772, 147-153 (2002). 

The most sensitive method for CVAA has recently been reported by Wooten et al. (39) using solid-phase microextraction to concentrate the derivatized analyte. Urine, with added ammonium acetate buffer and PhAsO as an internal standard, was derivatized directly with 1,3-propanedithiol and the derivative concentrated on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber. Analysis was by automated GC/MS using SIM of the isotopic MH+ ions. An impressive detection limit of 7.4pg/ml was reported, using a benchtop GC/MS system. The method was validated using spiked human urine. 

Navalon et al. developed a method for the determination of trace amounts of ciprofloxacin, based on solid-phase spectrofluorimetry [9]. The relative fluorescence intensity of ciprofloxacin fixed on Sephadex SP C-25 gel was measured directly after packing the gel beads in a 1 mm silica cell, using a solid-phase attachment. The wavelengths of excitation and emission were 272 and 448 nm, respectively. The linear concentration range of the compound was 0.3-10 ng/mL, with a RSD of 1.2% (for a level of 4 ng/mL) and a detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. This method was used for the determination of ciprofloxacin in human urine and serum samples with a recovery of 100% in all cases. 

Wernly P, Thormann W (1992b) Drug of abuse confirmation in human urine using stepwise solid-phase extraction and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Anal Chem 64 2155-2159. 

Magiera, S., Hejniak, J., Baranowski, J. Comparison of different sorbent materials for solid-phase extraction of selected drugs in human urine analyzed by UHPLC-UV. J. Chromatogr. B 958, 22-28 (2014)... 

Zeng, D., Chen, B., Yao, S. et al. (2006). Determination of tetramethylenedisulfotetramine in human urine with gas chromatograph-flame thermionic detection coupling with direct immersed solid-phase micro-extraction. Forensic Sci. Int. 159 168-74. 

Occurrence and Properties.—Urea occurs as a normal constituent in animal urine to the amount of about 2 per cent in man. It was discovered in 1773. Its physiological significance will be considered later. It is also found in small amounts in the blood and lymph of animals. In the blood of sharks it is present in as large amounts as in human urine. Urea is a beautifully crystalline solid easily soluble in water and in alcohol. It melts at i32°-i33° and sublimes in a vacuum at i20°-i30°. 

Reuschel SA, Percey SE, Liu S, Eades DM, Foltz RL. Quantitative determination of LSD and a major metabolite, 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD, in human urine by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 1999 23 306-12. 

Rule, G. Henion, J. A 384-Well Solid-Phase Extraction for LC/MS/MS Determination of Methotrexate and its 7-Hydroxy Metabolite in Human Urine and Plasma, Ann/. Chem. 73,439 43 (2001). 

Rule, G. Henion, J. High-Throughput Sample Preparation and Analysis Using 96-Well Membrane Solid-Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Steroids in Human Urine, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 10, 1322-1327 (1999). 

Buiarelli et al. (2004) extended the above analytical approach to many more related steroids when they published a method for the direct analysis of 15 urinary anabolic steroids in a single run, namely T, epitestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androsterone, etiocholanolone, their sulfates and their glucuronides (Figure 2,2), They extracted 2 mL of human urine by solid-phase extraction with methanol elution and reconstituted the residue in aqueous methanol in the presence of deuterated internal standards (da-epitestosterone glucuronide, [16,16,17-"H3 testosterone sulfate and [16,16,17-2H3]testosterone), then monitored, for example, mJz. 289-97 and 109 for T and epitestosterone, miz 367-97 for their sulfates, and m/z 463-113 and 287 for their glucuronides. The method does not achieve quantitation, but it allows the estimation of ratios, which makes it possible to monitor the urinary steroid profile, which is useful for monitoring the abuse of anabolic steroids. 

H. Nohta, E. Yamaguchi, Y. Ohkura and H. Watanabe, Measurement of catecholamines, their precursor and metabolites in human urine and plasma by solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence derivatization, J. Chromatogr, 493, 15-26 (1989). 

J. Huclova, D. Satinsky, O. Pavlicek, L. Vedralova, R. Karlicek, Using on-line solid phase extraction for determination of amiloride in human urine by sequential injection technique, Anal. Chim. Acta 573-574 (2006) 376. 

---