Physiology, human

As we have seen in this chapter steroids have a number of functions in human physiology Cholesterol is a component part of cell mem branes and is found in large amounts in the brain Derivatives of cholic acid assist the digestion of fats in the small intestine Cortisone and its derivatives are involved in maintaining the electrolyte balance in body fluids The sex hormones responsible for mascu line and feminine characteristics as well as numerous aspects of pregnancy from conception to birth are steroids... 

Data files on the THERdbASE CD are 1990 Bureau of Census Population Information, California Adult Activity Pattern Study (1987-88), AT T-sponsored National Activity Pattern Study (1985), Chemical Agents from Sources, Chemical Agent Properties, Air Exchange Rates, Information from EPA s TEAM (Total Exposure Assessment Methodology) Studies, Information from EPA s NOPES (NonOccupational Pesticides Exposure Study) Studies, Information from EPA s AIRS (Aerometric Information Retrieval System), and Human Physiological Parameters. 

This chapter introduces fundamentals of human physiology and health requirements relevant to the control of indoor environment within industrial buildings. 

Gagge, A. R, Stolwijk, j., and Nishi, Y. (1971). An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiological regulatory response. ASHRAE Trans, 77(1), 247-262. 

Physiologically based toxicokinetic models are nowadays used increasingly for toxicological risk assessment. These models are based on human physiology, and thus take into consideration the actual toxicokinetic processes more accurately than the one- or two-compartment models. In these models, all of the relevant information regarding absorption, distribution, biotransformarion, and elimination of a compound is utilized. The principles of physiologically based pharmaco/ toxicokinetic models are depicted in Fig. 5.41a and h. The... 

ISO EN 9886 presents the principles, methods, and interpretation of measurements of relevant human physiological responses to hot, moderate, and cold environments. The standard can be used independently or to complement other standards. Four physiological measures are considered body core temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, and body mass loss. Comments are also provided on the technical requirements, relevance, convenience, annoyance to the subject, and cost of each of the physiological measurements. The use of ISO 9886 is mainly for extreme cases, where individuals are exposed to severe environments, or in laboratory investigations into the influence of the thermal environment on humans. 

However, despite its enormous importance to human physiology, no pharmacological compounds targeting the components of the circadian clock system have been identified to date. There are, nevertheless, two therapeutic approaches that are currently used for treatment of circadian-related disorders - full-spectrum and bright light therapy and melatonin therapy. Melatonin is a hormone that is produced by the pineal gland in... 

There are now many examples of novel peptide transmitter systems that have been identified through orphan receptor ligand screening and greatly impacted the basic understanding of human physiology. Prime examples for the discovery of novel transmitter with therapeutic implications are the neuropeptides orphaninFQ/... 

Guyton AC. Human physiology and mechanisms of disease, 4th Ed. Philadelphia W. B. Saunders, 1987. 

Similar concepts apply to the world of medical devices. In future, successful products will increasingly be tuned to flow with the stream of human physiological function, even to mimic it in fine detail. Modelling and computation are set to make major contributions, since ... 

Liotrix is a fixed-ratio LT4/T3 product, although the LT4 T3 ratio is not physiologic for humans. Several studies have been published that evaluate the use of LT4 and T3 combinations in ratios that mimic human physiology. While early studies with these combinations showed improved neuropsychiatric and quality-of-life outcomes compared with LT4 monotherapy, subsequent randomized, controlled trials have shown no outcome benefit.13 Except in rare circumstances (such as patients with impaired T4-to-T3 conversion), there is no rationale for using combinations of LT4 and T3 to treat hypothyroidism. 

FIGURE 57-1. Skeletal muscle fiber organization. Tendons attach muscle to bone. (From Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT, et al, (eds.) Vander, Sherman, Luciano s Human Physiology The Mechanisms of Body Function. 9th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2004, Figure 9-1.)... 

Miller, L., Lombardo, T. and Fowler, S. Caffeine and time of day effects on a force discrimination task in humans. Physiology and Behavior 57(6), 1117-1125, 1995. 

The information needed at each of these stages in the life history of the compound relates, first, to hazards involved in a specific use and, second, to the hazard to humans, not to laboratory animals. The needed information, therefore, can be gained adequately only by designing laboratory experiments with animals to cover the pertinent conditions of the specific use. Finally, this information can only be interpreted adequately by those versed in normal and abnormal human physiology and pathology. The interpretation of... 

AC Guyton. Basic Human Physiology Normal Functions and Mechanisms of Disease. Philadelphia WB Saunders, 1971, p. 428. 

Sherwood, L., Human Physiology from Cells to Systems, 4th ed., Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA, 2001. 

Silverthom, D., Human Physiology An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2001. 

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