Human leukemia cells and

Lampronti, I., N. Bianchi, M. Borgatti, E. Fabbri, L. Vizzielo, M.T.H. Khan, A. Ather, D. Brezena, M.M. Tahir, and R. Gambari. 2005. Effects of vanadium complexes on cell growth of human leukemia cells and protein-DNA interactions. Oncol. Rep. 14 9-15. 

The use of enzymes, such as papain, to cleave beadtcell rosettes has also been investigated (17). Chymopapain, used at 200 U/IO cells per mL of TC199 tissue culture medium for 10 min at 37°C, was found to be most effective and least toxic to KGla human leukemia cells and gave 100% recovery of viable cells. 

Coumarin compounds (osthol, imperatorin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, and xanthotoxin) isolated from a cnidium extract exhibited cytotoxic activity against human leukemia, cervical carcinoma, and colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro. The compound osthol showed the strongest cytotoxic activity on tumor cell lines. The compound imperatorin showed the highest sensitivity to human leukemia cells and the least cytotoxicity to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Yang et al. 2003). 

There are presently many other studies on alkaloid bioactivity in human leukemia cells and the role of alkaloids as competitive antagonists of cytotoxic... 

Nishihara H, Maeda M, Oda A, et al. DOCK2 associates with CrkL and regulates Racl in human leukemia cell lines. Blood 2002 100(12) 3968-3974. 

K Osann, P Sweet, LM Slater. (1992). Synergistic action of cyclosporin A and verapamil on vincristine and daunorubicin resistance in multidrug-resistant human leukemia cells in vitro. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 30 152-154. 

Tsukamoto N, Chen J, Yoshida A. Enhanced expressions of glucose-6-phos-phate dehydrogenase and cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase and elevation of reduced glutathione level in cyclophosphamide-resistant human leukemia cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 1998 24 231-238. 

PDT candidate. Indeed, it is effective against human leukemia cells,128 284 and as a photobactericide.128 285 286 However, concerns about solubility and cadmium toxicity led to a discontinuation of biological work,128 and in any case the cadmium(II) complex was soon overtaken as a PDT sensitizer by the lutetium(III) derivative (32) (Section 9.22.7.1). 

Mertens-Talcott SU, Talcott S T and Percival S S. 2003. Low concentrations of quercetin and ellagic acid synergistically influence proliferation, cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MOLT-4 human leukemia cells. J Nutr 133(8) 2669-2674. 

Classic antioxidants, vitamin E, vitamin C, and others can suppress the activation of apoptosis. For example, ascorbic acid prevented cytochrome c release and caspase activation in human leukemia cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide [128], Pretreatment with A -acctylcystcinc, ascorbate, and vitamin E decreased homocysteine thiolactone-induced apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells [129]. Resveratrol protected rat brain mitochondria from anoxia-reoxygenation damage by the inhibition of cytochrome c release and the reduction of superoxide production [130]. However, it should be mentioned that the proapoptotic effect of ascorbate, gallic acid, or epigallocatechin gallate has been shown in the same human promyelocytic leukemia cells [131]. 

Tohno et al. (20) used similar steps to determine the chromatin loop size in human leukemia cells (an ultrahigh-resolution EM was not needed). To determine chromatin loop size, the lengths of 102 chromatin fibers protruding from four nuclei were measured and their average lengths were estimated. The steps they used (essentially those of Miller and Bakken (21) are summarized as follows ... 

CNTs can also conjugate with nucleic acids via covalent bond. They can be functionalized via covalently bonded adducts. For example, COOH or NH2 group can be formed on the terminal or sidewall of CNTs (Bahr and Tour, 2002). Antisense-myc can be conjugated with CNTs via covalent bond and can be delivered into HL-60 cells to achieve killing human leukemia cells (Cui et al., 2007). 

Dasmahapatra G, Almenara JA, Grant S (2006) Flavopiridol and histone deacetylase inhibitors promote mitochondrial injury and cell death in human leukemia cells that overexpress Bcl-2. Mol Pharmocol 69 288-298... 

Rothem, L., Aronheim, A., and Assaraf, Y.G. (2003) Alterations in the expression of transcription factors and the reduced folate carrier as a novel mechanism of antifolate resistance in human leukemia cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278, 8935-8941. 

As for the indole alkaloids harmaline and harmine (Fig. 4), their biosynthesis was stimulated in emhryogenic callus of T. terrestris at concentrations of 66.4 0.5 and 82.7 0.6 /rg/g dw, respectively." Harmaline stimulates the central nervous system while harmine is cytotoxic to human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and K562. 

Vincristine has been shown to enhance the accumulation of the folate antagonist methotrexate in murine leukemia cells, and the enhancement has been shown to involve inhibition of a specific efflux route for methotrexate (25) the suggestion has been made that the effect of vincristine on methotrexate efflux may be related to alterations of cell membrane electrical activity that appear to occur when cells are treated with vincristine. In this connection, it is worth mentioning that association of tubulin with membrane structures from bovine brain has been described 25a). Both vinblastine and vincristine have been reported to enhance the accumulation of the folate antagonist methotrexate in human leukemic cells (S) there is no evidence, however, to indicate that this interaction has significance in a clinical setting. 

The results from similar clonogenic survival studies with an [ At]-IgG monoclonal antibody to human leukemia cells 158) have given a mean Dq of 12 At atoms cell the RBE has been determined as approximately 4, when compared to the y-radiations from cobalt-60 13). A range of RBE values (2.8-S.2) for At a-particles compared with other low-LET (y,/ ) radiations has been obtained for a variety of tissues under different in vitro and in vivo experimental conditions 12, 13, 29, 61, 64). 

Civoli F, Daniel LW (1998) Quaternary ammonium analogs of ether lipids inhibit the activation of protein kinase C and the growth of human leukemia cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 42 319-326... 

Murray NR, Fields AP (1997) Atypical protein kinase C i protects human leukemia cells against drug-induced apoptosis.) Biol Chem 272 27521-27524 Murray NR, Thompson LJ, Fields AP (1997) The role of protein kinase C in cellular proliferation and cell cycle control. In Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit Protein Kinase C, PJ Parker and LV Dekker (eds.), R.G. Landes Company, Austin, TX, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 97-120... 

Shoji M, Raynor RL, Eerdel WE, Vogler WR, Kuo JF (1988) Effects of thioetherphos-pholipid EM41440 on PKC and phorbol ester-induced differentiation of human leukemia HL60 and KG-1 cells. Cancer Res 48 6669-6673... 

Ishikawa T, Bao J, Yamane Y, Akim am K, Frindrich K, Wright CD, et al. Coordinated induction of MRP/GS-X pump and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by heavy metals in human leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 19967 271 14,981-14,988. 

Plunkett W, Ghandi V, Chubb S, et al. 2, 2 -difluorodeoxycytidine metabolism and mechanism of action in human leukemia cells. Nucleosides Nucleotides 1989 8 775-785. 

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