Human immunodeficiency virus type examples

Dideoxyuridine (ddU) is an antiviral agent that proved ineffective at controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in human T-cells. This ineffectiveness was ascribed to a lack of substrate affinity of ddU for cellular nucleoside kinases, which prevent it from being metabolized to the active 5 -triphosphate. To overcome this problem, bis[(pivaloyloxy)methyl] 2, 3 -dideoxyuridine 5 -monophosphate (9.41) was prepared and shown to be a membrane-permeable prodrug of 2, 3 -di-deoxyuridine 5 -monophosphate (ddUMP, 9.42) [93]. Indeed, human T-cell lines exposed to 9.41 rapidly formed the mono-, di-, and triphosphate of ddU, and antiviral activity was observed. This example again documents... 

To give some examples, Co(bpy)33+ [19] or Co(phen)33+ [18,20-22] are associated with the surface hybrid by immersing the SPE in a solution containing the indicator and applying the potential of + 0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 2 min. The surface-accumulated indicator is measured using CPSA at a constant current. The genosensor was used to detect DNA sequences related to the human immunodeficiency virus type l(HIV-l) [18], sequences related to Escherichia Coli [19], M. Tuberculosis [20], and Cryptosporidiumparvum [21],... 

Examples of sulphated PS with anti-HIV activity also included sulphated a-D(l—>3)-linked mannans from Nothogenia fastigiata [24], from Schizymenia dubyi [25], anti-HIV PS from the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus [26] and from the marine microalga Cochlodinium polykrikoides [27]. Sulphated PS displaying antiviral activities against HIV-1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) were also isolated from marine Pseudomonas and Dinoflagellata [28]. 

The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease. There are normally between 4 and 11 x 10 white blood cells per litre of blood, making up approximately 1% of blood in a healthy adult. In conditions such as leukaemia (cancer of the blood or bone marrow), the number of leukocytes may be much higher than normal, while in types of leukopaenia the number is much lower (associated for example with chemo/radiotherapy, aplastic anaemia, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and malaria). 

Elegant studies have been carried out to investigate the structural and biochemical aspects of virus-cell fusion. Although influenza virus hemagglutinin and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gpl20 have been the best-studied models, numerous examples of this class I type fusion mechanism have been described. These experiments have shown that fusion is initiated by the formation of a trimeric coiled-coil helix adjacent to the fusion peptide on the virus exterior, the insertion of this fusion peptide into the host cell membrane, and the subsequent formation of a six-helix bundle (Skehel and Wiley, 1998). 

This table is intended to hold results of assays testing compounds in reg-istry.structure for activity as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors. As new assays are added, the test results can be added to newly created tables with similar definitions. For example, there might be tables for HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors stored in a table named hiv.rt. Other assay results might be stored in new schemas, for example, fpr.htfc for high-throughput flow cytometry results for the formyl peptide receptor (FPR), or f pr.ca for FPR cell adhesion assay results. Each of these tables would have columns of data named and typed appropriately for each assay. Each table would have a column containing a compound id that references compounds in the registry, structure table. 

Infection of a host cell by a virus particle occurs when the virus sticks to a host cell and then a portion of the cell membrane is dissolved by an enzyme present in the protein overcoat of the virus. This is followed by the entry of nucleic acid of the virus or the complete virus into the host cell. There is high specificity in this process as only certain types of hosts and host cells are invaded by any particular virus. For example, there are large numbers of plant viruses, none of which invade animal cells. The HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) which is responsible for AIDS infects only the T (lymphocyte) cells of the human immune system but the result is devastating. The immune system is inactivated and the person becomes easy prey to pneumonia, Kaposi s sarcoma (a form of cancer), and a variety of other opportunistic diseases. 

Enzyme immunoassays are generally performed using a heterogeneous assay format on a microtitre plate containing typically 96 wells. These heterogeneous assays are referred to as enyzme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). ELISAs are widely used in clinical testing. Eor example, one type of ELIS A is currently used for the clinical screening of blood supplies for HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This assay is discussed in more detail below as a typical example of an ELISA. 

Impact on Other Medical Fields. Discoveries from parasitology have filtered into other areas of research and development. For example, the physiological reaction to parasite infection gives important clues about the function of the immune system and the development of resistance. In some cases, medications developed to combat parasite infection have been found to have beneficial therapeutic effects for other types of diseases. In 2008, for instance, it was discovered that miltefosine, a drug used to treat patients suffering from protozoan infections, could potentially be effective in treating people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Miltefosine... 

GUM RESINS. Resins occurring admixed with gums. They usually also contain small amounts of volatile oils and sometimes are also called oleogum resins. Common examples are myrrh, gamboge, asafetida, galba-num, and olibanum HDL. High-density lipoprotein HIV. Human immunodeficiency virus Hsv-1. Herpes simplex virus type 1 5-ht. 5-Hydroxy tryptamine... 

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