Hubble telescopes

In 1994, a unique incident occurred the impact of the Shoemaker-Levy comet on the Jovian atmosphere. Die strong gravitational field of Jupiter caused the comet to break up before it could enter the atmosphere, and the parts of the comet crashed separately into the atmosphere one after the other. This unique spectacle was observed by many observatories and also by the Galileo spacecraft and the Hubble telescope. It led to the discovery of yet another phenomenon the most intensive aurora effects in the solar system, observed at Jupiter s poles. Astronomers assume that the energy for these comes from the planet s rotation, possibly with a contribution from the solar wind. This process differs from that of the origin of the aurora on Earth, where the phenomenon is caused by interactions between the solar wind and the Earth s magnetic field. 

The SSI (solid-state imaging) camera on board the Galileo spacecraft transmitted impressive high-resolution pictures of Io s volcanic activity. Active lava lakes, lava curtains , calderas, mountains and plateaus can be seen (McEwen et al., 2000). The Hubble telescope detected both S2 gas and SO2 in a SO2 to S2 ratio of 1 4 in the smoke trail of the volcano Pele. This value suggests an equilibrium between silicate magmas in the neighbourhood of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer (see Sect. 7.2.2). 

Using the Hubble telescope, the extrasolar planet HD 209458b (a gas planet with 0.7 times the mass of Jupiter) has been shown to have an extensive external atmosphere consisting of atomic hydrogen it is possible that the hydrogen is escaping from the planet (Vidal-Madjar et al., 2003). 

Hubble Telescope Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (visible) 20 000... 

Hubble telescope Hudson-Bertrand rules Huffn puff HUFT theory Hull cell... 

In the age of the Hubble Telescope, the mirrors for such giant structures often use as much as 20,000 lb (9,000 kg) of a Pyrex-like glass called borosilicate. Such a vast stretch of material, 7 yd (6.5 m) across, cannot be ground normally. Surface irregularities could too easily develop. The material is melted and whirled in a huge circular furnace until it settles into shape. Afterwards the exterior is polished by a computer-programmed machine, to avoid human error as much as possible. 

FIGURE 1 Aristotle s Four Elements and Their Qualities. Aristotle hypothesized that the four basic elements arose from the initial chaos under the influence of four fundamental qualities of matter hot, cold, wet, and dry. The central image representing the initial chaos is taken from a United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) photograph of the heart of the Crab Nebula, as viewed by the Hubble Telescope in 1995. The Crab Nebula was first viewed from earth in the year 1054, as recorded by Chinese astronomers. Rock paintings by Native Americans show that they also observed its appearance. Actually, the Crab Nebula was a giant star that exploded as a supernova. The variations in color are caused by chemical elements, created during the life and the explosion of the star. Modern-day astronomers believe that the chemical elements in the earth and in our bodies were made by the explosion of stars billions of years ago. Earth. A Air. A Fire. Water. (D.N.Sherwood)... 

An attribute of cfrp is its low thermal expansion and combined with structural rigidity, a graphite/epoxy composite was selected for the main structure of the Hubble Telescope [86]. The successor to the Hubble will be the James Webb Space Telescope, with backing struts and mirror support struts made from a carbon hybrid composite to operate at temperatures in the region of —235°C. 

Chapman RD, What kind of material is the Hubble Telescope made of . Composite Mater, May 1996. 

In the past decade several projects contributed to the luminosity distance measurements and by now (i.e., as of 2009) the list includes over 200 events. Specifically with the help of the Hubble telescope 13 new Sn la were found with spectroscopically confirmed redshifts exceeding z = 1 and at present the full sample contains already 23 z > 1 objects (Riess et al. 2007). Such objects most strongly influence the value of the deceleration parameter. A combined analysis of all Sn la data yields a deceleration parameter value of —0.7 0.1 (Kowalski et al. 2008). Its negative value signals an accelerating expansion rate at distance scales comparable to the size of the Universe. 

A typical example is found in a space truss structure proposed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory [46]. A stacked PMN actuator was installed at each truss nodal point and operated so that unnecessary mechanical vibration was suppressed immediately. A Hubble telescope has also been proposed using multilayer PMN electrostrictive actuators to control the phase of the incident light wave in the held of optical information processing (Fig. 4.1.25) [47]. The PMN electrostrictor provided superior adjustment of the telescope image because of negligible strain hysteresis. 

FIGURE 4.1.25 Hubble telescope using three PMN electrostrictive actuators for optical image correction. 

When astronomers on the space shuttle Atlantis went up into space to repair the Hubble telescope in 2009, they carried a massive IMAX high-definition camera on board with which to shoot a film about the project. The camera required a mile of film to record 8 minutes of action. 

A highly successful mission to repair the Hubble telescope Important vote in Congress on the future of the space station... 

Fig. 12 Examples of two colliding galaxies (a) Material flowing between two battered galaxies that bumped into each other about 100 million years ago. (b) The cores of the twin galaxies are the orange blobs (Photographs NGC 5426/5427 and NGC 4038/4039, taken by the Hubble telescope, from http //hubblesite.org/newsdesk/archive/releases/...

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