Hubble Space Telescope HST

Fig. 8.3. C/O ratio vs. O/H in Galactic and extragalactic H n regions, based on International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. After Garnett (2004).

Reproduced by permission p. 70 Gas pillars in Eagle Nebula, view from Hubble Space Telescope (HST), photograph. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) p. 73 Saints and Sinners, sculpture by Marshall M. Fredericks, photograph. 

Kant was essentially correct, Bob says. In the last years of the twentieth century, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) revealed several dozen disks at visible wavelengths in the Orion Nebula, a giant stellar nursery about 1,600 light years away. We call them proplyds, a contraction of the term protoplanetary disks. The Orion proplyds are larger than the Sun s solar system and contain enough gas and dust to provide the raw material for future planetary systems (figure 6.1). 

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) a 2.4m mirror-diameter space telescope operating at ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared wavelengths, operated by NASA and ESA. The HST has a versatile suite of instruments and has been serviced and upgraded several times by astronauts. 

The last planet-like object to be explored is Pluto. Since its discovery in 1930 by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh (1906-97), Pluto has been considered one of the nine planets in the solar system. In August 2006, however, the International Astronomical Union established a new set of criteria for planets that Pluto did not meet. It is now considered a dwarf planet. In spite of its new designation, astronomers remain very interested in the chemical composition and physical characteristics of Pluto. Astronomers do have a fair amount of information about Pluto from ground-based observatories, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite. NASA s New Horizons space mission is expected to provide a great deal more detail about the strange and mysterious astronomical body. New Horizons was launched on January 19, 2006. It is expected to fly by Pluto and its satellite, Charon, in July 2015. 

Polarimetric observations in the far ultraviolet can be performed only from outside the Earth atmosphere. An excellent review of polarimetry in the far ultraviolet from balloons, aircrafts and rockets through 1981 was given by Coffeen [38]. The brief review of information about the equipment and results obtained in the Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo-Polarimetric Experiment (WUPPE) and with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been published by Kucherov et al. [39]. 

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an observing system of systems that produces imaging, spectrographic, astrometric and photometric data. The HST has been developed based on SE principles, therefore its facet as a valuable result of SE has been highlighted in a case study originally provided by Mattice [74]. 

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) [6.206], which is the largest space-borne astronomical facility so far, was launched in 1990. The high-resolution echelle spectrometer on board the HST has provided VUV spectra, e.g. of chemically peculiar stars. Such spectra have shown an over-abundance of rare-earth elements, gold, etc. in these stars by a factor of 10 —10, relative... 

Fig. 2.3 The HH 30 system ([27]). The background image, taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST [28]), shows an edge-tm disk traced by the dark bar, a jet perpendicular to the disk and scattered light from the embedded proto-star. The left panel presents the CO(/ = 2 — 1) emission at large positive and negative velocities relative to the dense core narrow emission. This high velocity CO emission follows the narrow jet. The middle panel presents the CO (7 = 2 — 1) emission in two velocity intervals indicated with blue and red contours the emission approaching us/ieceding from us. This velocity pattern is consistent with Keplerian rotation around a solar mass star. The right panel presents the continuum emission due to dust grains in the circumstellar disk. The spatial resolution of the millimetre observations is 1" [27]...

Fig. 1.4 The Orion nebula consists mainly of hydrogen and is a typical star forming region, the youngest stars are only 300 000 years old which is less than 1/100 000 the age of the solar system. Credit Hubble Space Telescope, HST...

Fig. 3.5 Mars seen from the Earth orbiting Hubble Space Telescope, HST. One of the polar caps is clearly seen as well as some surface features and clouds in its atmosphere. Image Credit HST...

Using the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), ultraviolet spectra were obtained for the Uranian satellites Ariel, Titania, and Oberon. The absorption found at 280 nm can be explained by OH which is a byproduct from photolysis of H2O (Roush et al., 1997 [283]). 

Atmospheres of extraterrestrial planets can be directly studied during a transit. Two transit events with the Near Infrared Camera and Multi Object Spectrograph (NIC-MOS) camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) were observed for the object GJ 436 b. In order to detect the atmosphere, high-cadence time series of prism spectra covering the 1.1-1.9 pm spectral range were analyzed (Pont et al., 2009 [266]). This object is an extrasolar hot Neptune. The authors measured a flat transmission spectrum at the level of a few parts per 10000 in flux, with no significant signal in the 1.4 pm water band. 

Fig. 7.1 Spectral signatures of water in the Orion nebula, M42. The distance of this famousobject is about 1 500 Ly. The image is a mosaic of more than 40 individual Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images. Credit ESA/NASA...

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