Solid-state imaging

Polymeric solids exhibit a wide spectrum of local molecular motion. In the classical subdivision into thermosets, rubbers and thermoplastics, both the thermosets and the thermoplastics below the glass transition temperature would exhibit transverse relaxation time on the sub-millisecond timescale, the so-called solid regime of NMR. It is these materials which require specialised solid state imaging methods rather than the elastomeric materials where 

T2 values may be considerably longer. Because of the critical role of sensitivity in these experiments, the use of the proton as the sensitive nucleus is prevalent. However, by the use of elegant coherence transfer methods, both and NMR imaging experiments have been performed [32,65]. 

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The SSI (solid-state imaging) camera on board the Galileo spacecraft transmitted impressive high-resolution pictures of Io s volcanic activity. Active lava lakes, lava curtains , calderas, mountains and plateaus can be seen (McEwen et al., 2000). The Hubble telescope detected both S2 gas and SO2 in a SO2 to S2 ratio of 1 4 in the smoke trail of the volcano Pele. This value suggests an equilibrium between silicate magmas in the neighbourhood of the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer (see Sect. 7.2.2). 

S. Kaneko, Solid-State Image Sensor Masakiyo Matsumura, Charge-Coupled Devices M.A. Bosch, Optical Recording... 

P. G. LeComber and W. E. Spear, The Development of the a-Si H Field-Effect Transistor and Its Possible Applications D. G. Ast, a-Si H FET-Addressed LCD Panel S. Kaneko, Solid-State Image Sensor M. Matsumura, Charge-Coupled Devices M. A. Bosch, Optical Recording A. D Amico and G. Fortmato, Ambient Sensors H. Kukimoto, Amorphous Light-Emitting Devices R. J. Phelan, Jr., Fast Detectors and Modulators J. I. Pankove, Hybrid Structures... 

Although most experts predict that third generation self-scanned solid state imagers will eventually become the OIDs of choice, at the present time, their compromised performance, low manufacture yield and therefore, limited commercial availability, greatly limit their use as spectrometric detectors. An exception to that are self-scanned photodiode arrays. 

Werner, M. H. Marohn, J. A. Shykind, D. N. Weitekamp, D. P. Two Dimensions of Solid-State Imaging with One RF-Gradient Coil, in 32nd ENC. 1991. St. Louis., Mo., April 7-11 Abstract P240. 

TABLE II Summary of features of solid-state image sensor... 

Fig. 24. Top Magic-echo sequence, TREV-16TS, for solid-state imaging with (a) ideally pulsed (b) nonideally pulsed and (c) sinusoidal field gradients. On-resonance RF irradiations along x and — x are sandwiched by 90° pulses (magic sandwich). The hatched magic sandwich consists of four magic sandwiches. Bottom Projections of the one-dimensional test sample (admantane powder) obtained with the TREV-16TS sequence (r = 30 ps) and the field gradients shown in Fig. 18. The RF field was set at 100 kHz. (Adapted from Matsui et al.296 with permission.)...

Resolution is high, and almost no burning or blooming can be seen at any applied voltage. This is a big advantage over solid state imagers. 

With a scanning circuit and a-Si H, it is possible to provide an a-Si H monolithic large area solid-state image sensor, although it is necessary to improve high-frequency characteristics. 

In the area-image sensor, it is expected that highly sensitive solid-state image sensors with high resolution, competitive with vidicons, will become available. The solid-state image sensor, which is made of an a-Si H photodiode array on a Si IC scanner, is the most suitable device for this purpose. 

The last volume of this miniseries, 21, Part D, covers device applications, including solar cells, electrophotography, image pickup tubes, field effect transistors (FETs) and FET-addressed liquid crystal display panels, solid state image sensors, charge-coupled devices, optical recording, visible light... 

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