Hubble Space Telescope observations

The Hubble Space Telescope observed Neptune in 1994 from Earth orbit and detected cloud features in its atmosphere which appeared to be different from those observed by Voyager 2 in 1989. The main change no-... 

Freedman, W.L. et al. (14 authors) (1994) Distance of the Virgo cluster galaxy Ml 00 from Hubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheids, Nature, 1994 (371) 757-762. 

Burrows CJ, Stapelfeldt KR, Watson AM (1996) Hubble space telescope observations of the disk and jet of HH 30. Astrophys J 473 437... 

The spectral features observed by astronomers have led to the classification of stars into seven broad classes outlined in Table 4.1, together with their surface temperatures. The highest-temperature class, class O, contains may ionised atoms in the spectrum whereas the older stars in class M have a much lower temperature and many more elements present in the spectrum of the star. Observation of a large number of the stars has lead to extensive stellar catalogues, recently extended by the increased sensitivity of the Hubble Space Telescope. Making sense of this vast quantity of information is difficult but in the early 19th century two astronomers... 

Fig. 3.8. Profiles of interstellar absorption lines observed in the line of sight to the star HD 93521 with the Goddard high resolution spectrograph at the Hubble Space Telescope. Solid lines are theoretical profiles based on cloud velocities indicated by the tick marks at the top dots indicate the data points. After Spitzer and Fitzpatrick (1993). Courtesy Ed Fitzpatrick.

Fig. 8.3. C/O ratio vs. O/H in Galactic and extragalactic H n regions, based on International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations. After Garnett (2004).

Studies of old stars, such as HD140283, have been made quite recently. This star is considered to be so old that it has only about % of the oxygen and other heavier elements that the sun has. About 1000 times more beryllium has been found than possibly could be attributed to cosmic radiation, These observations were essentially confirmed by one of the early experiments using the Hubble Space Telescope. These observations will contribute to further unraveling the remaining problems pertaining to the origin of the universe. 

Figure 8.1 Interstallar gas and dust. The pillars of the Eagle nebula as observed by Hubble Space Telescope using Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. (Picture by courtesy of NASA and European Space Agency)...

Savage B. D. and Sembach K. R. (1996) Interstellar abundances from absorption-fine observations with the Hubble Space Telescope. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 34, 279-329. 

Observations have identified the same condensed oxygen signature as seen for the other icy satellites (Spencer and Calvin, 2002). In addition, a tenuous molecular oxygen atmosphere has been identified from Hubble Space Telescope spectra... 

Calvin W. M. and Spencer J. R. (1997) Latitudinal distribution of O2 on Ganymede observations with the Hubble Space Telescope. Icarus 130, 505-516. 

Potentially detectable lines fall outside the observed spectral window. The corollary is obvious exploration of other windows may give lines from which an abundance is determinable. Boron is an outstanding illustration of this corollary. Its low abundance demands access to the strong resonance lines which happen for reasons of atomic physics to be in the ultraviolet. The lines BI 2497 A, BII 1362 A, and B hi 2066 A have all been observed in appropriate stars with the Hubble Space Telescope and provided novel data on the Galactic evolution of boron, the isotopic ratio, and internal destruction or dilution of boron in low and high mass stars. (He-like B3+ and H-like B4+ with resonance lines deep in the UV are undetectable now and forever.)... 

Savage, B.D. Sembach, K.R. 1996 Interstellar abundances from absorption-line observations with the Hubble Space Telescope. ARAA 34, 279. 

The dark spot is of special interest to researchers because it represents a kind of volcanic outflow unusual on Io. Most such outflows are white, yellow, or red, due to the presence of sulfur. The new outflow is much darker than any that had been observed before, suggesting that its chemical composition differs significantly from others on the moon s surface. Scientists believe the dark spot may be a new lava flow produced during a violent eruption on the moon s surface observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in June 1997. That eruption released a plume of gas nearly 100 km (75 miles) high into the moon s atmosphere. 

Data about the chemical composition of asteroids comes primarily from three sources (1) the spectrographic analysis of light reflected off an asteroid by Earth-based observatories and the Hubble Space Telescope (2) the laboratory analysis of meteorites, which in most cases are known or presumed to have originated in the asteroid belt and (3) observations made by the spacecraft Galileo on its... 

Besides the basic interest in atomic quantities, the values of transition probabilities are used in different fields of research and technology astrophysics, atmospheric physics, plasma physics, thermonuclear-fusion research and development of laser systems. The evaluation of atomic concentrations can frequently be performed from observed light intensities, when direct concentration measurements are not possible. A large data compilation has been performed at NIST [10-13]. Presently, a great part of the data collection and systematization is performed for astrophysical needs within the international Opacity Project and the Iron Project [14,15]. Since 1990, when the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope started to work, the demand for transition probabilities for VUV spectral lines dramatically increased [16,17]. 

Solar cells generate electricity in the sunshine but not in the dark. Thus space stations and spacecraft nui on power from batteries during dark periods. As of Jtme 2003, solar power has been practical for spacecraft operating no farther from the Stm than the orbit ofMars. For example, Magellan, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Observer, and the Earth-orbiting Hubble Space Telescope operate on solar power. 

Data from the laser-induced fluorescence of C2 radicals obtained in the laboratory during 193 nm photolysis of C2H2 have been used to explain band profiles of C2 in the nucleus of comet Hyakutake, observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. In conjunction with ab initio computations, the data have led to the proposal that photolysis of C2H2, in the laboratory and in comets, proceeds by a sequential mechanism, first producing C2H and then C2. Two excited electronic states of C2H have been identified and 2 11) through which photodissociation in the second step occurs. Measurements of the kinetics and translational energy release in the near-UV photodissociation of the allyl radical have indicated that allene formation is the dominant H-loss reaction channel. ... 

Polarimetric observations in the far ultraviolet can be performed only from outside the Earth atmosphere. An excellent review of polarimetry in the far ultraviolet from balloons, aircrafts and rockets through 1981 was given by Coffeen [38]. The brief review of information about the equipment and results obtained in the Wisconsin Ultraviolet Photo-Polarimetric Experiment (WUPPE) and with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been published by Kucherov et al. [39]. 

To confirm her initial observations, she decided to use the Hubble space telescope s new wide-field camera, which more clearly resolved the star grid, some 7 billion light years from Earth. Because peering at distant stars is like looking back in time, the images revealed a star grid that existed when the universe was 60 percent of its current age. 

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an observing system of systems that produces imaging, spectrographic, astrometric and photometric data. The HST has been developed based on SE principles, therefore its facet as a valuable result of SE has been highlighted in a case study originally provided by Mattice [74]. 

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