Flies, house

Various borate esters are chemostetilants for house flies (51). Tributyl borate, available from Eagle-Picher, Miami, Oklahoma, which is isotopically enriched in boron-10, is being used as a chemical precursor in the synthesis of pharmacologically active boron compounds suitable for boron neutron capture therapy. 

Dnstabilised ylids usually give more ais product with aldehydes. Muscature (36) is a house-fly pheromone used to bait traps and the obvious Wittig synthesis gives 85% aio and 15% truMy. ... 

Resistance of house flies (Musca domestica) to DDT was attributed to its transformation to the nontoxic DDE, and the enzyme that carries the dehydrochlorination has been characterized in DDT-resistant flies (Lipke and Kearns 1959a,b). The herbicide alachlor is transformed by chironomid larvae by O-demethylation followed by loss of the chloroacetyl group to produce 2,6-diethylaniline... 

Drosophila melanogaster is another dipteran where pheromone biosynthesis has been studied [92]. Adult sexually mature female D. melanogaster utilizes primarily Z7,Z11-27 H as a contact sex pheromone. The biosynthesis of this compound follows the biosynthesis of other hydrocarbon-derived pheromones (Fig. 3). It is biosynthesized in oenocytes [93], transported through the hemo-lymph by lipophorin [94], and deposited on the cuticle surface. Biosynthesis in the oenocytes follows a similar pathway [95] as that described for the house fly... 

Ivie, G.W. and J.E. Wright. 1978. Fate of diflubenzuron in the stable fly and house fly. Jour. Agricul. Food Chem. 26 90-94. 

Miller, R.W., C., Corley, and K.R. Hill. 1975. Feeding TH 6040 to chickens effect on larval house flies in manure and determination of residues in eggs. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 68 181-182. 

Golenda, C.F. and A.J. Forgash. 1989. The distribution and metabolism of fenvalerate in pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible house flies. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 33 37-48. 

Lee SH, Soderlund DM (2001) The V410M mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance in Heliothis virescens reduces the pyrethroid sensitivity of house fly sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 31 19-29... 

On the other hand, the lethal efficacy for adult house flies (Musca domestica) is about the same as D-allethrin and approximately 0.5 that of prallethrin. In addition, the efficacy for female adult German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) is approximately twice that of D-allethrin and approximately 0.5 that of prallethrin. From the results mentioned above, we can see that Metofluthrin has an extremely high lethal efficacy for mosquitoes in particular. 

Miyoshi, H. and Fujita, T. (1988). Quantitative analysis of the uncoupling activity of substituted phenols with mitochondria from flight muscles of house flies, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 935, 312-321. 

In addition to plaguing humans directly, flies spread pathogens that infect a significant number of plants and animals. Veterinary medicine must deal with horse flies and black flies, as well as pests with such curious names as warble flies and bot flies. There are ubiquitous stable flies that look like everyday house flies but deliver a painful bite, and a multitude of less familiar species that prey on sheep, rodents, and rabbits. Flies that are crop pests typically feed on their plant hosts as larvae. Seedcorn maggots, for... 

Al-Badry MS, Knowles CO. 1980. Phthalate-organophosphate interactions Toxicity, penetration, and metabolism studies with house flies. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 9 147-161. 

Diflubenzuron (Dimilin , TH-6040) is an IGR which inhibits the normal deposition of chitin. The metabolic fate of diflubenzuron has been studied in sheep U, 2), cattle (1 ), rats (1, 3), house flies (4, 5), stable flies (5), chickens (6), swine (6), boll weevils (7), plants (8 9), and soil (2, 8, 10). Since good reviews of diflubenzuron metabolism have been given by Ivie (11) and Verloop and Ferrell (9), we will present only a tabular summary of the degradation of diflubenzuron in nonaguatic systems for comparative purposes (Table I). The remaining discussion will focus on diflubenzuron degradation in the aquatic environment. 

Reports are published on the metabolism of methoprene by plants (25), aquatic microorganisms (26), soil microbes (27), house flies and mosquitoes in vivo (28), resistant house flies in vivo and in vitro (29), a steer (30), a lactating cow (31), chickens (32), and bluegill fish (33). In addition, radioactive material balance studies have been published for a guinea pig, steer, and cow (34), chickens (35), and rats (36, 37), including whole-body autoradiography in rats (37). 

In vitro dieldrin production increased proportionally to larval concentration (enzyme concentration) up to 5 larvae/ml and each 10X increase in substrate (aldrin) concentration tripled and doubled, respectively, dieldrin formation. An approximation of 2 X 10-5 M aldrin as the Km value for midge epoxidase was obtained from a double reciprocal plot of data in Table VII, which closely corresponds to values for aldrin epoxidase in the house fly (28) and the southern armyworm (11). 

Beard, R. L. Observations on house flies in high-ozone environments. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 58 404-405, 1965. 

Uses Contact and stomach insecticide used to control mosquito larvae, house flies, ectoparasites on cattie, sheep, and goats recommended for use in dairy barns. Effective against a wide variety of pests in fieid, forage, fruit, and vegetabie crops. Methoxychior is aiso used to controi househoid and industriai pests (Worthing and Hance, 1991). 

Table I. Toxicity of Thiocarbamate Derivatives of Carbofuran to House Flies, Mosquito Larvae and Mice...

This compound was essentially non-toxic to house flies by topical application but showed moderate activity against the green rice leafhopper and brown planthopper as a residual spray. These results raise the possibility of applying derivatization reactions for the synthesis of polymeric insecticidal materials which may act as slow release agents. 

The common house fly Musca domestica is paralyzed by STX in a way that can be quantally scored ( ). This fly is ubiquitous. It can be purchased as pupae for a few cents or can be bred very simply in any laboratory from wild stock for the price of a small volume of hamburger meat. The pupae can be stored for some time if cooled and can be hatched at will within a few days. The adult fly emerges fully grown and will remain healthy for 20-30 days if provided with water, sugar and dried milk. 

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