Horizontal Extent

The supply chain is usually divided into tiers (or stages, or echelons). Each tier consists of units with the same general functionality. The concept of tier should be treated with care, however, as differentiation between tiers is often fuzzy and units can belong to multiple tiers. That has become even more profound as supply chains assume networked structures. Still, tiers help structure the supply chain configuration problem and facilitate identification of common features of supply chain units. The typical supply chain tiers, which can be further decomposed, are 

Demand for supply chain products or services originate at the customer tier and it is transmitted upstream along the supply chain (Fig. 2.2). In many cases, customer nodes in this tier are an aggregation of individual customers clustering in a particular geographical location. 

The distribution tier receives customer requirements and is responsible for delivering required products or services. It involves such general units as warehouses, distribution centers, and cross-docking points. These units are grouped into distribution sub-tiers. Alternatively, supply chain units in the distribution tier can be classified as wholesalers, retailers, and brokers. Third-party logistics providers present a special case for belonging to the distribution tier. In some situations, these can be represented by a single supply chain node. 

The supply tier provides materials to manufacturing according to orders received. This tier can be divided into sub-tiers, linking raw materials suppliers, secondary suppliers, and direct suppliers. Representation of the supply tier depends upon the importance of supplied materials. Suppliers providing widely available and substitutable materials do not need to be represented by individual nodes. 

A return tier could be treated as a separate tier in supply chains. It is responsible for handling customer returns and disposal of the returned products and waste. However, recycling of returns could occur at any of the identified core tiers and can be perceived as one of the integral processes performed along with the supply, manufacturing, and distribution activities. 

---

Vertical extent of contamination Lithologic barriers Horizontal extent of contamination Volatility of contaminant Radius of sparge influence Optimal flow rates Vent/pressure balance Vapor levels... 

Ideally, the site characterization study has defined the vertical and horizontal extent of the contamination. Contoured site maps showing the (three-dimensional) distribution of the contaminants allow identification of areas that require extensive restoration, or may be allowed to be monitored to closure under natural attenuation. Knowledge of how much contamination exists and its location is the important first step in the remediation process. Evaluation of these data will permit consideration of the various remediation remedies available. Where the contaminant is contained within the shallow (<6 m) unsaturated zone and is recalcitrant (not readily biodegradable), excavation for off-site treatment or disposal may be the most expeditious procedure. Alternatively, depending on the contaminant, a variety of in situ procedures, including bioremediation, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, and fixation, may be applicable. 

In the field, the resistivity technique may be applied by "profiling" or "sounding." In profiling horizontal variations in resistivity are observed by moving the entire array laterally over the surface. This approach can be used to map the horizontal extent of contaminant plumes in groundwater. 

The horizontal extent of the H2S-containing zone is determined by the local bathymetry and the depth of the upper boundary of the hydrogen sulfide layer. The zone tends to be confined to the deepest portion of the western basin. We know that, at least sometimes, there exists also a separate pool of H2S in the relatively deep Chernyshev Bay [14], disconnected from the main western basin by a sUl, but this location is undersampled. 

Problem 8-7. The Hele-Shaw Cell. The Hele Shaw cell is perhaps one of the simplest constructions of a nearly unidirectional flow however, as we shall see in this problem the flow inside the cell has some remarkable properties. A Hele Shaw cell consists of two flat parallel rigid walls of vertical separation h and horizontal extent / with h/l 1. The gap between the fluids is occupied with Newtonian fluid and contains obstacles in the form of cylinders with generators normal to the walls The fluid is being driven through the cell by a steady horizontal pressure gradient Vp = G applied between the ends of the cell. 

Conducting sampling and analysis programs to determine the vertical and horizontal extent of contamination of the old storage sites at Johnston Island and NCBC. 

The front-end, which is typically behind the main concrete shielding wall, contains vacuum isolation valves and/or Be windows to protect the storage ring from vacuum mishaps on the beamline, and water cooled apertures to limit the horizontal extent of the beam. Most important, it contains a thick metal safety shutter which, when closed, prevents X-rays from passing further down the beamline. The safety shutter cannot be opened unless the beamline and the experimental stations are interlocked. 

At the turn of the century, Henri Benard, a young French physicist, published the first truly systematic study of natural convection in a horizontal fluid layer (B4, B5, B6). In a horizontal liquid layer heated from below B6nard, sought to measure and to define the most stable steady-state convection currents prevailing under given conditions. He utilized liquid layers only a few millimeters in thickness, initially in an apparatus giving a free upper surface, and of considerable horizontal extent (about 20 cm) so that edge effects could not influence the form of the convection pattern. For these studies. 

Figure 2. Simulated temperature field in a X-section of the European ice sheet at its maximum last glaciation extent. The basal thermal gradient conducts away heat from the bed. The horizontal extent is 1200 km and the vertical 2,100m.

For large-scale motions of the atmosphere, the horizontal extent of motion is much larger than the vertical, and... 

The supply chain configuration problem solving allows to define scope of the given supply chain system. The scope is defined along multiple dimensions, namely, horizontal extent, vertical extent, objectives and criteria, decisions made, and parameters. 

Choice of distribution charuiels. Values these decisions assume include Internet-based distribution, third-party logistics, direct sales, quick response, continuous replenishment, and vendor-managed inventory. Some of the policies may be represented in relation to the horizontal extent dimension. For instance, the direct shipment policy implies the absence of intermediate distribution tiers. Multiple distribution strategies can be used in a single supply chain... 

Table 3.3 Number of papers according to the horizontal extent (HE) dimension...

Successful scraping was confirmed from the seafloor observations as shown in Fig. 17.6. The horizontal extent and the thickness of the resedimentation created by DIETS were detected approximately 200 m (656 ft) to the north and 240 m (787 ft) to the south from the dense tow zone and 0-0.18 mm (0-0.70 in) for increase of sediment cover on nodules, respectively. These were measured by applying an image analysis technique of seafloor photos developed for quantification of resedimentation (Yamazaki, Kuboki, Uehara, 2001). The extent was quite smaller than the one created in JET. The functional differences between the scraper and the disturber, and the size differences of the two sediments, were considered the main reasons. 

The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is placed at the center of the bath, as shown in Fig. 3.3. The horizontal distance from the side wall is designated by t] =R — r). The distance from the side wall to the nozzle exit, , is varied from 1.75 x 10 to 3.5 x 10 m. The horizontal position at which a peak appears in the gas holdup distribution is designated by a,max and the half-value width by > a,max/2,- These quantities are introduced to represent the horizontal extent of the bubble dispersion region. In the same manner, the peak position and half-value width of the axial mean velocity u are defined. These two representative scales will be discussed in a later section. The attachment length La is defined as the vertical distance from the nozzle exit to the position at which bubbles attach to the side wall. 

In applying a scour protection system as part of the monopile installation (Fig. 20.39), a geotextile filter and stone protection layer are first placed on the seabed to the required horizontal extent to prevent future scour. Then the monopile is driven through the stone layer (and geotextile) and into the seabed to the necessary depth. Finally, an armour protection layer is placed on top of the stone layer around the base of the monopUe. 

---